Validity is important to the research process

validness is important to the investigate processSim and Wright, (2000125) stated that, Validity relates to the truthfulness of data and requires independent knowledge of the true nature or magnitude of the entity. Clinical search scientists be much awargon of the regard for hardness in their enquiry. Validating the interposition is important to determine the competency of a sermon as well as numberiveness and the treatment provided and its outcome. It is learnt that in 1957, Ameri understructure Social Scientist Donald Campbell introduced the concepts of congenital rigor and outer severity. The ruminate has an subjective hardness, when the termination of a say demonstrates the existence of a causative relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Campbell and Stanley, (1963) noned that the upcountry hardness is the basic required accuracy for any sample. On the other hand, the immaterial inclemency refers to the extent to which the results of a withdraw or the experiments are make applicable to the population from which the participant in the experiment is drawn. Similarly, as doubting doubting Thomas and Nelson, (1990) noted that the outside(a) validity is virtually the generalizability of the findings. The first part of this seek will discuss the concepts of national validity and outside validity, the causal effect of variables and extraneous variables with examples. In the second part, the essay will critically respect the subtraction of inborn and extraneous validity and their relationship. Due to word simpleness this essay will focus only on the quantitative research.The observational (explanatory) research concerned with cause and effect by its nature, upcountry validity can be discussed inside the frame work of quantitative research. Further much, Thomas and Nelson, (1990) stated that the cause and effect can be determined by the use of nigh(a) research knowledge to the experiment design. Accordin g to Judd, et al., (1991, cited in French, et al., 200116) the indispensable validity concerns the extent to which conclusions can be drawn about the casual effects of one variable on another. For example, the treatment or a cause (independent variable) such as moist heat which efficaciously relieves the symptoms of rugged rump agony or an effect (dependent variable). Before establishing a cause-effect relationship, it is important to find the relationship between the treatment and the symptom. The argument is that when treatment is tending(p), the relief in pain (outcome) is observed, but when no treatment is habituated no outcome is observed. This provides the evidence that, the treatment and the outcome are related. However, it does not provide the evidence that the particular treatment caused the outcome. Perhaps, it may be some(prenominal) other factor caused the outcome rather than the treatment. For example, if the subjects were on pain relieving practice of medicine and medical specialty may be the confounding factor in relieving the symptoms of low back pain. If the pain relieving medication factors are not controlled, they will bring in a confounding influence on the independent variable which threatens the internal validity. However, some sentences it is important to emphasize that the confounding variables cannot be fully controlled. The investigator assumes that there is a casual relationship in the orbit and claims that, research findings charter implication for other groups and individuals in other settings and time. These claims examine the immaterial validity. Polit and Beck, (2008) stated that the external validity is a major concern in quantitative research where there is a difficulty in generalizing the result from controlled research settings to real clinical practice settings. For example, findings about a pain relieving treatment in a case of African women cannot be generalize to women in Australia. Finally, it is a tec decision to design a analyze to enhance the external validity.The potential threats to the internal validity are history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, statistical regression, selection error and mortality. Threats to the external validity are, selection, setting and time. A hardly a(prenominal) threats are discussed in the following example. A randomised control streak carry was conducted by Deyle, et al., (2000), to evaluate the strong point of physical therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee. The study concluded that a combination of manual physical therapy and supervised make out yields functional benefits for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and may delay or save the need for surgical interjection. Even though confounding variables were controlled in this study by using randomisation, treatment and placebo groups, the investigator could not overcome with the threats interchangeable maturation and other extraneous variables. During the intervention pati ents were also on medication and exercises. They were asked to contact the researcher after one year of the intervention for the feedback. The researcher failed to explain whether intervention caused the effect or the medication or callable to result of the passage of time. Simultaneously this study lacks the generalizability due to the fact that patients had to have sufficient English language skills and were required to live within a one hour drive from the clinics. Portney and Watkins, (2009162) stated that, extraneous variables can be controlled by the experimenter by manipulating the independent variable, by random assignment of subjects to the groups and by using a control or comparison group within the design. Masking or blinding is also be used in many quantitative research studies to prevent the bias and to establish the internal validity. The external validity can be strengthened by selecting the prototype which represents the population and there by applying the findin gs to a broader group. Similarly in the legate of clinical settings where the study takes place and the findings can be applied to strengthen the other settings. It was stated by Polit and Beck, (2008) that multisite study results are confident ample in attaining the generalizability, if the results have been replicated in several sites where the study involves a heterogenous sample.The relationship between the internal validity and external validity refers to the illustrious researchers Campbell and Stanley, (1963) statement that, often external validity sacrificed if the researcher concentrates on the internal validity. It is learnt from the literatures that, many researchers have given importance to the internal validity in their studies. However, in an applied area of clinical research, the purpose is to improve the wellness of the frequent and it is also important that the external validity be emphasized and strengthened. It is true that, the researcher implements more con trol measures to increase the internal validity, the experiment will become more artificial and thereby the external validity suffers or decreases. Cronbach, (1982) argued that, if a treatment is expected to be relevant to a broader context, the causal inference must go beyond the specific conditions. If the study lacks generalizability, then the so-called internally valid causal effect is unreal to decision makers. Polit and Beck, (2008) noted that there are many differences between the countries in methods of diagnosis and management, as well as important racial differences in susceptibility to disease and natural history of the disease. Differences between wellness-care systems can stir the external validity. In an article, Efficacy and Effectiveness Trials (and Other Phases of Research) in the learning of Health Promotion Programs Flay, (1985) proposes a model that emphasizes the internal and external validity at different stages of the research process and that would lead to the translation of research to practice. In a controlled experiment like randomized control trials of public health interventions, efficacy trials have a high internal validity but often have the liability of low external validity. But, effectiveness trials have a high external validity. Historically, researchers have tended to focus on maximizing the internal validity. The idea is that the interventions should work under highly controlled conditions than its implication to the different population groups, organizations, or settings. Similarly, Polgar and Thomas, (2008) noted that funding organizations and journals have tended to be more concerned with the scientific rigor of intervention studies than with the generalizability of results. The consequence of this tension on internal validity led to lack of attention to and knowledge about external validity, which has contributed to the researchers failure to translate the study into the general population. Thus, the gain ground f rom efficacy trials to effectiveness trials has not become a reality because of the time and cost tangled in the process of research to practice. As a result of the failure of this model, practitioners are often unable to determine whether the given studys findings can apply to their local setting, population or resources. However, there are several reasons for the lack of information on external validity existence an important contributor to the failure to translate research into public health practice. Policy and administrative decision-makers are unable to determine the generalizability or extensiveness of applicability of research findings. In addition Hamersley, (1991) criticised that the distinction between the internal and external validity is fundamentally misleading because it reflects a failure to blot relations between events and relations between variables. Polit and Beck, (2008) noted that in the fresh studies researchers are interested in promoting designs that ai m to achieve a agreement between internal and external validity in a bingle intervention study. Such practical (or pragmatic) clinical trials or studies attempt to increase external validity with the smallest possible negative effect of internal validity. For example, Thomas, et al., (2006) conducted a study on randomised control trial of unforesightful sort of traditional acupuncture compared with usual care of persistent non-specific low back pain. The study concluded that referral to a qualified traditional acupuncturist for a short course of treatment seems safe and acceptable to patients with low back pain. However, the generalizability of this study finding rests on the assumption that participating acupuncturists, general practitioners, and patients in York are similar to those found elsewhere. According to Polit and Beck (2008), in health care research RE-AIM framework has been formed by Russell. E. Glasgow in 2006 to design and to evaluate the intervention research. It involves a scrutiny of five aspects of study like, reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation and maintenance. It may dish up in improving the generalizability of the research study or enhance the external validity. An Importance of an internal validity or the external validity is a controversial topic in the research community. Campbell and Stanley, (1963) stated that, a good study should be strong in both types of validity. The internal validity is indispensable and essential while the question of external validity is neer completely answerable. In other words, Campbell and Stanleys statement implies that the internal validity is more important than the external validity. However a study with no external validity still found true relationship for the sample that was studied. For example, if the researcher conducts a study on Bangladeshi farmers in the Afghan region, the findings of the study cannot be generalize to the Chinese horticulturist in the Malaya region. But researcher still knows more about the Bangladeshi farmers.In conclusion, it is understood that, the internal validity and the external validity plays an important role in the scientific research. The internal validity establishes the truth about inferences regarding cause-effect or causal relationship. The external validity establishes the truth of conclusion that involve generalisation. As internal and external validity are fundamental to any experimental research, the researcher should alive(predicate) of threatening factors. In quantitative research, the use of randomisation and the control groups reduces the threats to internal validity. Meanwhile, sample selection and settings in the research helps in controlling the threats to external validity. The strength of internal and the external validity of a study can help researchers to evaluate the relative importance of that study in an general program of research. To balance the validity, researcher should conduct a study that emphasizes t he internal validity (efficacy studies) and undertake effectiveness studies that emphasize the external validity. The internal validity and the external validity are important to building an evidence establish study in the clinical research. A clear definition of concepts involved in the experiment not only ensures its validity, but also increases the chances that it could be used by other researchers wishing to carry out a follow-up or similar investigation.

Market Growth And Competitive Positioning Growth Strategies

grocery harvest-time And Competitive Positioning Growth Strategies nix plans to fail tho fails to plan. market placeing Planning is the first and foremost action that a companionship should perform before embarking on a commissioning such as transmiting a parvenue fruit into the commercialize or revamp of animate yield line. Not just in the case of refreshful product launch, but to a fault tradeing supplying provides a strategical direction to the comp some(prenominal) in terms of increase the martplace sh be, building brand value and thus obtain increase revenues.1.1 SOSTAC ModelSOSTAC is a renowned model in food marketing planning which is widely followed crosswise several industries. It is also cl placeed to be the most sizeable technique of in easeing the companies to plan their marketing march. SOSTAC stands for Situation Analysis, aspiration Analysis, Strategy, Tactics, Action and Control.Situation Analysis wait ons visualize the internal and exter nal factors that concern the c eitherer-out which prevail at a overtaken time. This analysis in the first place comprises of employing raise technique to understand the situation at bon ton train and also PESTLE technique to tumble the global milieu which impacts the pains in which the play along is operating. By carrying out this analysis, the company back tooth bring a snap shot of the current situation which bequeath help the managers to take needful actions to take payoff of the situation. Elements such as performance, competitors and customers ar analysed in this stage.Objective Analysis impart provide a pass along path to the company in terms of the revenues and gross sales scars that should be achieved in a stipulated time limit to obtain the desired market sh be. The primary(prenominal) outcome of this analysis is to shape the marketing schema for the company establish on the corporate schema as to what the company aims to achieve at heart a time fr ame.Strategies part of SOSTAC mentions about the need for segmenting the target market and accordingly specific everyy design the products animal footd on the needs of the customers in from each one segment. In this stage, the company bequeath go onto design its various(prenominal) strategies on segmentation, positioning and competitiveness to place the product in a safe position in the market. Strategy emphasizes on the need for design a USP for each of the product to give it a competitive environ over the existing products in the market.Tactics exit help design the 4Ps of marketing by carefully selecting the dear melt in coiffure to achieve optimum results in terms of sales. Tactics also pronounce about the different ways of promotional activities and communication techniques that a company should take up in mold to get the attention and get awareness among the target market.Actions refer to the action plan the company should plow about who does what and how the s trategies are executed. The snap of the company at this stage ordain be budgets, staff and risk analysis. The allocation of resources and work break batch structure are defined in this stage as easily as key performance indicators are determined along with the work bench marks that are supposed to be achieved.Control deals with the measurement and monitor of the effectiveness of the strategies that are followed. It mainly revolves most the measurement of performance in each communication channel in terms of ROI (Return On Investment) for the promotional activities.2. Importance and Scope of Internal and External Auditing grocerying audit forms the base of marketing planning. It is divided into two types, internal and external auditing. The aim of any auditing activity is to review the effectiveness of existing processes and suggest necessary improvements to be made. Internal auditing helps to analyse the strengths and weaknesses within the company and the way the company is e xecute whereas external auditing helps to assess the external environment that testament affect the trading operations of the company. A wide range of apparatuss are used to carryout auditing such as debone analysis, PESTEL analysis, Porters Five Forces analysis etcetera Both the audits together give a multi-faceted approach to look at the companys operations and the need for improvements.The aim of internal audit is to measure the performance of the resources and processes in the company and breakthrough the intermissions where improvements are required. The main focus of this audit is to review the marketing process and quantify its effectiveness in terms of achieving the sales targets and objectives. Aspects want scattering channels, communication channels, customer interaction, product price and product design are analysed in the internal auditing.The aim of external auditing is to provide an Outside-in view to the company by analysing the external factors such as the c ompetition in market place, the consumer grease ones palmsing behaviour and the trends in market. This assessment will enable the company to predict the dynamics of the market and take necessary actions to sustain and grow within the industry. The global environment of the industry in which the company operates will be analysed by looking at the factors same polity, economy, society, technology, legislature and environment which have a direct impact on the business. This analysis will be helpful in redesigning the business strategy to match with the environment.3. attire and TOWS ProcessSWOT analysis is carried out at the organizational take aim to observe the internal capabilities of a company and match them against threats and opportunities presented by extraneous factors such as competition. It is one of the childlikest techniques to conduct internal audit. The main focus of SWOT technique is to analyse the internal weaknesses that faeces be converted to strengths as well as work on strengths to take advantage of the external opportunities in the market.The limitation of SWOT analysis as tool for designing strategy is that it will not include all the necessary dimensions to be analysed for providing a robust strategy. In order to overcome the limitations of SWOT, Weihrich (1982) genuine TOWS technique that will help the managers to go a step barely in analysing the state of the company at a given time.TOWS material is considered to be a situational planning tool that provides more account of parameters to analyse and give a holistic view for designing the strategy of a company. The technique of TOWS analysis is to compare each strength and weakness to each opportunity and threat in the form of a matrix which provides a more comprehensive solution for devising the strategy than in a traditional planning process like SWOT.TOWS technique involves 4 types of analyses as followsSO Strengths- to-OpportunitiesST Strengths-to-ThreatsWO Weaknesses-to-Opp ortunitiesWT Weaknesses-to-ThreatsFor all the four analyses mentioned above, a matrix can be designed to map each segment with the other. The following figure will describe a typical Strengths-to-Opportunities matrix found on the strengths and Opportunities which originated from SWOT analysisSO MatrixStrength1Strength2Strength3Opportunity1Opportunity2Opportunity3TOWS analysis has to be conducted in chronological sequence to SWOT where initially the strengths and weaknesses of the organization are identified. Once the list of SWOT elements is obtained, the organization should then develop strategy to attack the external opportunities with help of its strengths and try to convert the threats into opportunities. This process is done in the TOWS analysis which gives a rounded perspective for the managers to tally and improve every row element in the TOWS matrix against every column element as shown above. wherefore both SWOT and TOWS analyses complement each other to inform strategy for an organization.4. Segmentation, buttocksing and PositioningStrategy formulation is the key to success for launching a product into the market. The foremost objective of any strategy is to give a sustainable competitive advantage to the product over its rivals in the market (Barney, 1991). According to Kotler, the essential elements of any organisations marketing strategy are segmentation, targeting and positioning. These cardinal processes are collectively and shortly termed as STP.SegmentationDividing the target market into specific groups based on the demographics, habits and location is called Segmentation. The target market is assort based on the factors like age, wind, annual house hold income etc. This process is very crucial in forming the market strategy because it will inform both product development group and the marketing team on what products to be designed and how they can be promoted to the different sections of tidy sum respectively. Effective marketing is all about making what you can sell, but not sell what you can make (Ali, 2001).For example a simple segmentation of market for a Sports Footwear manufacturer can be based on the following factors1) Type of Sport2) Percentage of Men, Women and Children provoke in different sportsBased on the above segmentation, the company would then decide on the type and quantity of footwear to be manufacture as well as how to market it to the target customers in order to achieve the sales objectives. Therefore Segmentation directly informs the marketing strategy in the initial stages of formulation.TargetingOnce the segmentation of customers is over, then the company has to fig up strategies to target the identified segments by designing the products that closely match their requirements which could try optimum sales revenue. Targeting is to identify the target customers who will potentially procure the product when it is out in the market. This process involves identifying three target grou ps which is mostly common to many industries, the niche customers group, mass customers group and the identify customers group. niche Market The products designed for this segment are very specific and bespoken in order to suit the particular requirements of very few customers who are ready to pay premium prices.In Niche markets the mess of sales is very low but sales revenue is high ascribable to premium prices for the heavily customized products. cause Equipment manufacturer for military needs.Mass/ uniform Market In this market products are designed to suit the generic wine needs of customers rather than meeting specific requirement of each customer. The prices for this target market are relatively low and the companies can achieve economies of scale of measurement by doing batch production.In this segment the volume of sales are high and the revenues depend on the volume of sales.Example Fast moving consumer wells like cosmetics etc.Selective/ Differentiated Market The needs of customers in this target market are similar but specific. The main case for companies to address this market is to enhance customer experience and thus slit a significant market share by surpassing the competitors. increase price is slightly higher but is complemented by customer pleasure hence resulting in increased market share and sales revenues.Example Apple iPhone can be a classical example of differentiated target market product as it provides enhanced user expiation at a premium price.PositioningAny company thinking of introducing a new product into the market should create a launch pad for it as to define the position where it fits into the existing space in the market place. This act of identifying and defining the position can be called Market Positioning. In this process, the main focus is on the persona and the price of the product to be launched. Therefore positioning process should start by identifying the gap in the market place where there is less den sity of competitors and black possibility for new entrants to occupy that position. Market positioning mainly depends on which type of competition is prevailing in the industry (Monopoly, oligopoly, Perfect competition).The infra figure demonstrates a situation where there are 3 existing players and a possible market gap where the 4th player, a new entrant can position itselfHIGH PRICECDHIGH pitiableABQUALITY QUALITYLOW PRICEIn the above market place, each of the products are in a different position where the new product D has entered into the space of providing high caliber products at a price less than premium. This space was earlier empty as all the other three players are not providing as much quality at the price slightly higher and lower than that of D. Therefore it can be understood that product D can capture a significant market share if right marketing campaigns are adopted.5. Strategies for Market Growth and Competitive PositioningGrowth strategyAfter successfully laun ching the product in the market the companies should then look at enhancing the harvest-home prospects for the product by designing appropriate growth strategies. Growth in terms of market share as well as sales revenues. There are various growth strategies like mergers and acquisitions, franchises, strategic collaborations and outsourcing.Ansoffs Matrix explains the various market growth strategies in detail which will help the organizations to select the appropriate strategy that best fits their case. Depending on whether the product and market whether they are new or existing a company should adopt a growth strategy. Ansoffs matrix is a tool whose outfit will provide a set of growth strategies which can be followed.Figure Ansoffs Product-Market Growth Matrix alive Product New ProductsMarket PenetrationProduct DevelopmentMarket DevelopmentDiversificationExisting MarketNew MarketsTo understand the market growth strategy in more detail, consider the example of a company which want s to explore a new market by exporting its existing products to another country. let us say, a UK car manufacturer finds a potential growth factor in Indian market, the strategy would be market development. In the process of Market Development the company should segment its target customers based on the socio-economic sections in the context of India and build an entirely new distribution channel in to sell the cars. The company should also change the set structure according to the prevailing competitive prices. Likewise, depending on the type of market and the type of product broadly four growth strategies can be adopted as shown in the figure.6. Need for differentiated marketing mixMarketing mix essentially deals with the 4 crucial elements which form the plaza of marketing any product. The 4Ps stand for Product, Price, settle and Promotion. With the following example all the four Ps are explainedExample Fashion Clothing for Teenagers Vs imposing Clothing for Older fondness classProduct A right product has to be designed that exactly meets the needs of the target customers. Target customers in this case are teenagers and older people in middle income group. In UK the market size for clothing is dominated by Women with more than half of the total value of the sector (KeyNote, 2009). By value womens garments land for 19.1 bn whereas Men and Childrens garments are at 11 bn and 7bn respectively of the total market value of 37.2bn as of 2008. The variety of garment for women is huge and for simplicity purposes only(prenominal) Mens clothing is discussed in this context.Teenagers Population in the age of 15 to 19 can be treated as active teenagers. Teenagers generally like to be trendy and fashionable. So the product for this target market should contrive the same in its design and appearance.Trousers Teenagers prefer Jeans for trousers with various styles according to their tastes like boot-cut, low waist, straight fit.T-Shirts Teenagers prefer round-ne cks over collar T-shirtsOlder affection class The average annual house hold income in UK per capita is 14,921 as of 2008 (KeyNote, 2009). The target customers, older middle class population in UK cash in ones chips to the social grade B based on the classification of the parting of National Statistics. According to the buying behaviour based on age, sex and social grade the penetration is observed to be more in the clothing accessories like rain coats, jackets and polo shirts in this segment (Older nerve centre class). thence the products designed for this segment should take the above trend into consideration for selling the clothes easily.Price Price is the most crucial factor that can influence consumer buying decision and hence should be fixed by considering the factors like right price for right quality and the competitive prices in the market for similar products.In the context of clothing, most of the brands have a varying price structure based on the style and the quality of material used for production. For example, jackets made of cashmere wool are costlier than other so-so(predicate) wool and there would not be much price divagation in this segment across the brands. Price for natural fibre-made clothes is ceaselessly premium while there is a great variation in the prices of clothes made up of man-made fibre like Viscose, Acrylic, Polyester and Poly Propelene.As the investment in designing fashionable out fits is high, the price for clothes made for teenagers is higher than that of the clothes designed for Older people.PricesJeans Price varies depending on the styleBoot-cut 15 to 30Narrow-fit 20 to 40Formal Trousers 10 and above depending on the fabricT-shirts Price varies depending on the material cotton round-neck 10Cotton Polo 15 and abovePolyester round-neck From 6 onwardsPlace Place is where the product is available for the customers to purchase. The places superpower range from a respite shop to that of high street stores and large who lesale stores.There were around 3,530 enterprises in UK that are involved in clothes manufacturing and there is a strong distribution network in UK for clothing manufacturers (KeyNote, 2010). Clothes can be made available at a variety of stores across all the regions in UK.The places which sell clothes in UK are highly markets, sports shops, department stores, independent stores, mail orders and online stores.Teenagers As the clothes made for this segment are fashionable, they need to be located in an eye-catching celestial sphere like high street retail merchants and sports stores. However a large number of clothes can also be sold through online retailer like Amazon which is quite popular among internet users.Older Middle Class The major place for sales in this segment would be large supermarkets. Older singles and couples visit large supermarkets for grocery and theatre needs quite often, therefore clothes in this segment ability find right place in super markets for large v olume of sales.PromotionPromotion is about communicating the brand and the products to the customer who will then make a buying decision. Without the awareness of the brand, the customer would simply make a purchase. Therefore quantity of sales is directly relative to the effectiveness of the promotional activity.There are different ways of promoting a product. Advertisement, brand endorsements, email marketing, discount offers like buy 2 for 1, pre-launch and post-launch promotional campaign etc. are some of the commonly adopted promotional techniques.Teenagers watch television quite regularly and hence it is a honourable medium to advertise. On the other hand, fashion magazines and internet are also very popular among teenagers and advertising on these might attract them to buy the clothes.Older people might not be as good in using the internet as computers are modern and they might feel it difficult to adopt. However television and magazine advertisements might progress up th e sales for the clothes in this segment.

Crime Prevention Technology

Crime Prevention TechnologyOver the years, regime agencies cast off sought ways to beleaguer shame. Our whitlow Justice schema is in a state of crisis due to prisons being all over crowded. It is go to hinder a crime than to punish the individual for a crime once it has affected to a greater extent parties. It is evident with the number of crimes reported in the media, instead of reducing the number of crimes taking place, it is increasing. That itself shows the urgency tribes attention on crime frustrateion.Research indicates that authoritative(a) individuals in society ar to a greater extent prone follow and nurture a criminal c atomic number 18r. Furthermore, there appears seems to be with an obvious pattern among the individuals who throw been jailed for committing serious crimes. For practice session men from disadvantaged backgrounds, with disloyal face-to-faceities and poor impulse control argon regarded as having high risk personalizedity to commit crime. As a result, it is principal(prenominal) that Sri Lankan Criminal Justice System pick outs these high risk individuals and implement authorized preventative measures to discourage them from a criminal path.3. Today it has be inject measur fit more than ever to control these individuals who are seriously damaging the nations volition. As indicated by research, there appears to be a strong link amidst the seriousness of the act (ex, rape, armed robbery and murder and so forth) attached by an individual and the number of condemnations these individuals rich person come into contact with the Criminal Justice System. so, it is clear to assume that the re-offending rates in Sri Lanka would be significantly higher. Hence, it is essential that the governing bodies work towards bringing down the rates of re-offending in Sri Lanka. With the care of modern applied science this whitethorn become a more attain equal to(p) goal.AIM4. To indicate the type and enormousness of engin eering science to prevent crimes and done with(predicate) that maintain law and order in Sri LankaEXPLANATION ON CRIME5. Crime could be defined as a despoil of laws for which a countrys Criminal Justice System may ultimately execute a guilty sentence. Crimes can be classified into felonies, misdemeanours and infraction.a. A felony is considered to be the almost serious grapheme of crime and it includes the issues tie in to assault, murder, rape, robbery etc.b. A Misdemeanours are less serious than felonies. It is therefore distinguished by the length or gravity of the punishment issued to the individual. These include simple assaults, tearaway(a) under the Influence of alcohol or drugs (more comm but known as DUI) and higgledy-piggledy conduct in public.c. Infractions are the least serious type of crime. It includes common traffic offences, b distorting speed limits.RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRIME AND engine room6. Advancement in engineering science appears to be a double mov e on sword as it has created a whole new spectrum of crime and this identical applied science functions the law enforcement combat, prevent to or capture these criminals. For example, in humanitarian to dealing with crimes such as murder, robbery, rape law enforcement agencies are compel to deal with net income crimes such as internet hackers, internet stalkers, internet vir lend oneselfs and the usance of the internet to cheat are the example of a few. On a positive aspect this equivalent technology could be employ to increase the power and range of the law enforcement agencies. For example, technology could be pulmonary tuberculosis to prevent certain types crime from happening to ultimately capturing these criminals who have committed the crime.7. Surveillance videos, fingerprint technology and deoxyribonucleic acid shew could also be utilise in a court of law to answer organise to prison and punish these individuals without relying solely on human witnesses. There were numerous experiences and so m some(prenominal) stories where that human memory has had devastating influences on certain individuals who were wrongly confined. On a positive note, most of these wrongly charge have since been released from confinement with the religious service of modern technology such as DNA manifest and fingerprint evidence.WHAT ARE THE CRIMES IN SRI LANKA8. According to the Sri Lankan patrol website, during the year 2010 home invasions, theft and robbery, knife attacks, homicide attempts to commit suicide and knockout harm are among the crimes that predominately committed by the Sri Lankan population are plausibly indicative only of reported crime as culturally Sri Lankans are less likely to report personal crimes such as interior(prenominal) assaults, rapes and childhood sexual assaults beca hire of the disgrace attached to these crimes. For example, often people are either too afraid or too ashamed regarding the great deal and therefore are less likely to seek help and supporting from regime.USE OF technology TO CURB CRIMES IN SRI LANKAAS AT yield AND AREAS TO IMPROVE9. Technology is already being use to obtain evidence and capture criminals. in time, we do not use technology that much, to prevent crimes in comparison to post criminal activities. Law enforcement agencies rely heavily on fingerprinting technology and the Sri Lankan Criminal Justice System had clears these advancements in technology. For example, DNA, fingerprinting, through telephone call details, oversight cameras, digital photos and videos are now recognised in a court of law.FINGERPRINT TECHNOLOGY10. Fingerprint technology has been employ for more than a century and the FBI in America have used fingerprinting technology as utmost as 1924 in criminal investigations. Even though, Sri Lankan law enforcement agencies didnt use fingerprinting technology that far back in m, unless they have relied on this technology for the erstwhile(prenominal) few decades of time.11. Fingerprinting technology is a comparatively cheap and it is hush considered to be one of the most reliable forms of evidence in a court of law. A persons individual appearance may change with time, but it is impossible to change an individuals fingerprint. That is the main motive for them to rely on this antiquated technology this much.12. As Sri Lanka is a developing country we are inadequacy with umpteen resources to use and same goes with valuable technology, even which are quick available to use in the first world nations. Fingerprinting technology is relatively low address, therefore Sri Lanka doesnt need to attend on unusual countries and we have the technology too. That compels us to use it more as it is promptly available within the country.13. Currently, the Sri Lankan law enforcement agencies are in the process of storing fingerprints of criminals who are recognised by the court of law and these fingerprints are stored in databases for easy a ccess and for future reference. The government has recognised the importance of fingerprinting technology. As a result they are in the process of introducing National personal identity card game that have an individuals thumb print coupled with separate breeding to help minimise identity theft and for easy identification.BIO METRIC TECHNOLOGY14. DNA, infrared technology, face recognition are used widely in westerly countries. These advanced technologies are used to help underlyingally in preventing unauthorised access to sensitive development or restricted buildings and areas. At present Sri Lanka does not process the resources to use these mentioned technologies even though want highly exist.15. However, DNA technology is used in Sri Lanka mainly to help identify individuals at a crime outlook. It has also been used in the past to confirm an individuals identity. A highly publicised example where DNA was used was during the 2004 Tsunami to identify the biological parents of an baby as several families claimed the infant belonged to them.16. Unfortunately, Sri Lanka lacks the financial resources to use them on a regular basis. Currently what answer is, subsequently collecting and securing DNA evidence it is sent to a outside country to obtain the results. This can often be actually high-priced and highly time consuming.CLOSE CIRCUIT TELEVISION17. Close circumference Television or more commonly known as CCTV is relatively new in Sri Lanka. CCTV has the potential to help control criminal and disorderly behavior in community. Research conducted in this area states that CCTV cameras help prevent crime by increasing the chances of getting caught and by elevate obtaining the evidence necessitate to convict these individuals. Further it would help monitor offenders behaviors and patterns.18. CCTV cameras may help citizens be cautionary through its presence. For example, research indicates that individuals are likely to be hesitant of committing a crim es commonly happening, such as shop-lifting when they are make witting that all their behaviors and actions are being monitored. Sri Lankan banks and money handling agencies use CCTV to help reduce bank robberies. If a robbery does take place, with its deposeation security personals can activate their contingency plans in preventing robbery is been keep an eye on and even filing so CCTV can then be used to gather evidence.19. There are five disadvantages in using CCTV, for example it is costly and it can be time consuming to go through the surveillance tapes once a crime has been committed. However, a good surveillance musical arrangement may help cut down the number of crimes committed. Furthermore, CCTV cameras will help law agencies recognize, catch and convict individuals. It would also help further because, if an individual is caught on camera then there would be no argument as to what is being done. It would become passing difficult for their layers to make out or make e xcuses for their behaviors when caught in the action.MOBILE POLICE VEHICLES20. With the development of the communication, with in a matter of seconds, individuals can inform governance active a crime, details relating to incidents, regarding a person or any other related issues through a phone. With the introduction of ready police vehicle system use of that technological advantages have become very impelling some(prenominal) for preventives and passive criminal envision actions.21. It had been used in the past to combat terrorism, because of its rapid and effective accessibility. Same as that it will be effective provided with some improvements to the system.USE OF MEDIA22. Media plays a vital role in return key criminal activities. We have experienced during the war against the LTTE how effectively it can be used. There were occasions when suspected persons photographs and details were flashed on the screen on televisions, almost immediately and sometimes within a day, the information reached the authorities through vigilant civilians.23. With the use of media, the authorities could use the population of over 20 million citizens of Sri Lanka to help observe and then report if any criminal activities take place. As it is impossible for governing agencies to monitor all over due to the lack of man power and resources it will be an added advantage. Therefore media could be used to distribute current information to the public and authorities could then use information reported by the citizens.24. As mentioned previously, when it comes to personal crimes from a cultural perspective individuals are less likely to inform authorities. Television programmes such as Thiththa Aththa and Gahaniya use the media to gain individuals to report and dissertate these sensitive issues. On the opposite side of things, the same information that is used to help understand the circumstances of an incident, then it can be used by a criminal to multiply his or her tracks.D IFFICULTIES FACED IN USE OF TECHNOLOGYECONOMY25. According to recent data, Britain is monitored by 4 million Close circle Television (CCTV) cameras making them the most watched nation in the world. British governing body insists that the use of CCTV cameras should be viewed as being beneficial and protective. Sri Lanka does require a large amount of CCTV systems if it is to cover the required places effectively in entire country.26. A very basic camera system may cost about Rs. 100,000. As it is very expensive, it prevents Sri Lanka from using the required number of CCTV cameras. This same cost constituent affects the use of other effective technologies such as use of DNA or Bio metric technology.LACK WITH KNOWLEDGE, EXPERTISE AND SKILL PERSONAL27. miss of happy personals and professional knowledge has become another limiting factor in use of modern technology. Sri Lankan education system does not recognise the importance of technology in combating crime with the use of Bio metr ic technology.28. There is a huge brain-drain as most educated individuals in this area of expertise are likely to leave Sri Lanka for lack of employment. For example, even if these individuals have the knowledge, as Sri Lanka lacks the infrastructure, required equipment as well as the technology to maintain the aim required to have a functioning Bio metric system. This then compels Sri Lanka to depend mainly on foreign technology and expertise.KNOWLEDGE LAPSES AMONG THE CITIZENS29. Sri Lanka is still a developing country. The ageing populations as well as the citizens in the uncouth areas in Sri Lanka are not aware of the available technology. For example, our grandparents would not be comfortable using a mobile phone. Even though the junior generation is aware of the benefits computers offer, in comparison to India, Sri Lankas IT literacy rate is comparatively low.30. other complication arises in trying to introduce National Identity cards with the thumb print. Even if this t echnology was introduced, citizens need to be made aware of the basic functions and the methods to use them.LACKS IN INFRASTRUCTURES FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT31. Infrastructure requirement for sensitive scientific subject like bio metric or commonly known as DNA are not available in the island, for that matter we are totally depended on other countries. This is ternarying to have more issues with time factor, economic factor and therefore tendency of using these technologies will unendingly with some limitations.32. Not only the infrastructure, more importantly we do not even have the required equipments. For example we are in a process of introducing an identity card with finger print and with many other details. But to achieve the purpose those authority that are going to break away the identity on the ground must be equipped with required mechanism to use the technology. If not having all required data, if those authorities happened to go with manual identification the entire p urpose cannot be achieved.TRAINING slew33. As discussed above, the level of IT literacy is relatively low in Sri Lanka. It would be extremely expensive to organise individuals from the beginning and it would also be very time consuming.34. Training would only be beneficial if the individual chosen is able to understand and remember what is expected of them. However, at the moment it is important to recognize individuals with some basic knowledge and interest in computers. This will help eliminate individuals unsuitable for the training programs.SUMMARY35. As same as any other field influence of the technology is a factor which is unavoidable for both crime and counter criminal activities. It is well mute that it is better to prevent a crime than to punish the individual for a crime once it has affected more parties. But the available technology that, which we are equipped with is been basically used for post criminal activities. However as at today there is urgency in use of tech nology for preventive mashers too. Because we are with enough details on that, certain individuals in society are more prone follow and maintain a criminal career. Furthermore, there appears seems to be with an obvious pattern among the individuals who have been jailed for committing serious crimes.36. Fingerprint technology, DNA or bio metric technology, Circuit Television or more commonly known as CCTV and mobile police vehicle system are used in Sri Lanka in counter criminal activities with many difficulties. Media also plays a vital role in counter criminal activities and again it is a double cutting weapon which plays negative role too.37. Sri Lanka is a developing nation who has many difficulties in case of economy. There for the cost factor is being recognize as the main barrier in using technology against crime. Lack of skilled personals and professional knowledge, lack the infrastructure, lack equipment as well as the technology, training issues are the other difficulties faced by the authorities.38. Having being set the areas where, more attention of the authority is highly essential now we have to up lift the awareness of the society to get the proper use of technology in order to achieve our ultimate aim by maintaining countries low and order.RECOMMENDATIONS39. Sri Lanka is a developing nation. Therefore, we only have access to express resources. Hence, it becomes important to identify the requirements to prevent crime. It is unbowed that justice cannot be unflinching by Rupees and cents, however, any changes to the system must be considered with concern for its cost effectiveness. For example, even if certain technologies have been used successfully in Western Countries, it does not necessarily mean that the same technology would be withdraw to use in Sri Lanka.40. As average citizens may not be aware of the technology available, it may help to have a theme wide education programme through the use of media and many other means. This has to b e done before introducing any technology which may lead to confusion among the citizens.41. At the school level children are to be taught about technology and the benefits of computers as we need to train the next generation. In while this knowledge of the children can be used to educate their families on the same aspect.42. Sri Lanka needs to enhance its databases. It would be beneficial to recognize and train individuals in computing skills. These individuals could then be used to help collect the most relevant data and help store them accurately for future references.43. On the other hand the governing body needs an eliminating programme to recognize potential individual that would be of value to them in the future after the training is completed. It is important to realize that as we lack the skill levels and the resources to train these individuals, the governing agencies to need help from foreign countries. The initial cost would expensive but in the long run it would benefit Sri Lanka44. New technology that such as CCTV is likely to become an essential tool when irresponsible criminals and their behaviors in time to come. However, it is important that law agencies do not only rely on CCTV cameras to attain this goal. For example, if the police force is aware that a certain area has CCTV cameras installed, they are less likely to frequent that contingent area. If an individual gets assaulted in an area that has CCTV, the police may not be able to get to that area in time to help the victim. It is true that, the police could use the video to help catch the criminal after the crime has been committed but unfortunately, this may be of little integrating for the already victimized individual.45. If we were to increase the number of patrol cars used, we should focus on the crime-ridden areas. This would help maximize the man power and resources used. It may also help if the patrol cars have access to a cellular phone. These vehicles are to be equipped wit h GPS to gain more advance passion over counter parties. This way, if a crime is reported, the dispatch centre would then be able to direct the closest patrol car to the area.46. In response to personal crimes such as rape and domestic assault, media could be used to reach out the average citizens still living in the rural areas. It world power help to encourage the younger generations to reach out to their elders regarding this matter. If people are made aware that these issues could be resolved with help, more victims may come forward without worrying about being made ridiculed by their peers. It may also help to start these educational policies at school levels and encourage children to speak to their parents and relations. This may then promote gender and social compare in Sri Lanka.

Surgical placement in a local hospital

Surgical placement in a local anesthetic hospitalThis is a reflective essay based on my hold experiences, whilst on my five week surgical placement in a local hospital. The aim of this essay is to explore the habit of communion and social skills in clinical pr crookice. I have chosen this particular chance as I spent a considerable amount of meter communicating vocally and non verbally with this particular diligent. To nurture the identity and adduce confidentiality of the long-suffering I have chosen to discuss, they shall be known as nates. This is in accordance with the NMC code of paid conduct (NMC, 2008). To assist me in the process of reflection I am using Gibbs (1988) reflective model. This circle provides a description of the event, heartings to guards the force, an evaluation, analysis, conclusion and an action plan. Jasper (2003) suggests that reflection is one of the lynchpin counselings we can learn from our experiences. There atomic number 18 numerous reasons wherefore reflection is important to nurses. Through reflection we can learn to a greater extent than about our role and the elements that limit our abilities this allows the opportunity to improve the expression we dispense (Ghaye Lillyman, 2001).John was a 74 year old man admitted onto the ward from the emergency department, two solar days previous to me starting my counterbalance posthumous shift of that week. He had been suffering from retention of urine, and was in considerable pain. My teach and I were informed during handover that we would be looking after John on this particular shift. We were asked to change the dressing on his right forking. It had become change due to suffering from a condition known as circumferential Vascular Disease (Alexander, Fawcett Runciman, 2004). As a result of this disease the patient had undergone am countersinkation of the left leg below the knee some years ago, resulting in him becoming immobilised and requiring the use o f a wheelchair. It became clear during the handover that Johns behaviour had become real(prenominal) difficult over the last couple of days. The nurse in precaution went on to describe the nature of his behaviour including that he had thrown items across his room, was constantly pressing his nurse call barelyton, was shouting all day and he had also refused to have a wash and change his pyjamas. As we left the room where the handover had taken place, my mentor suggested that we should change Johns dressing now, but firstly we should get him washed and changed with my assistance. I knocked on his door and introduced myself as a student nurse. I proceeded to ask John for his consent in rove for me to assist him in having a wash and change of garment (NMC, 2008). John was sat on his hit the sack and appeared to be quite tense. He looked up at me and shouted no, I want to see a doctor and I havent had a cigarette for two days. I explained that I was here to assist in changing th e dressing on his leg and to help him to have a wash and change. I moved adpressed towards his bed and lowered myself to his eye take aim. I then began to engage in conversation with him by maintaining a soft savour of voice and request him if he would like a cup of tea after we had finished. His carcass language s lotsed and he looked up and smiled, he said I would love one. I smiled patronise at John, I then repeat the question of assisting him with having a wash and change, whilst maintaining a relaxed posture and eye contact. John gave me his consent and I proceeded to assist him in maintaining his personal hygiene with view and dignity (NMC, 2008). With Johns co-operation my mentor and I were then able to go on and change the dressing on his leg.Through this learning experience I encountered a combination of feelings towards the blot. From the sign handover, the round nurse in sprout did not paint a ordained picture of John. I wondered wherefore this particular pat ient was so aggressive and demanding and the staff described him as being difficult. I felt anxious, as this was my first placement as a first year student and I did not feel experienced enough to deal with the situation. During my encounter with John it became clear why he would feel so angry and scotch. I noticed he didnt have a wheelchair in his room, and it became apparent that he was a smoker. He also hadnt been given any nicotine replacement therapy to help him cope with his drug withdrawal symptoms. When the full extent of Johns situation became clear to me, I felt wide frustration for him. agree to the NMC codification of Professional Conduct (2008), nurses should treat patients with heed and maintain their dignity. With John not having a wheelchair, he was confined to his bed and at that placefore had lost his autonomy. The situation also made me very angry, reflecting back I feel I should have been more assertive and perhaps questioned why Johns requests had been i gnored by the staff.It was unfortunate that the professional staff had acted the way that they did overlooking how angry and frustrated John had become and failing to act upon it. The nurses compassion and conversation skills seemed to be very much lacking not listening to his requests and showing no feeling towards him. This breakdown in conversation in the nurse patient relationship with john, left him feeling frustrated and not in control of his own wellbeing (Garnham, 2001).At first, I could not see any good points in this situation however looking back I can see that it did have its positive side, in as much as allowing me to examine myself and to search for my presently fallings in relation to the incident. The incident has also given me the opportunity to radio link theory to radiation pattern. The way I communicated with John had a positive outcome for both of us in that his personal hygiene assumes were met and I learnt that effective chat is essential in build a swear bond amongst the patient and the nurse (Almond Yardley, 2009). The bad points of this experience were that I judged John based on the training I received during the initial handover without having met him first. This could have created a barrier between the patient and I. Accepting a patient as a unique individual and without judgment is very important in the communication process. I have learnt from this experience that as nurses we should respect a patients beliefs and determine and we should not let our own beliefs and values affect our decision making in patient care (Rogers, 1957). I also feel that I should have been more assertive when it came to the way John was being handle by the staff. As a first year student I did not feel comfortable wondering(a) the way a professional staff nurse carried out her nurse care. However, from this experience I will question bad put in future, as the NMC (2008) states that I am personally accountable for my actions and omissio ns in my practice and that I must always be able to justify my decisions.According to Maxim Bryan (1995 cited in Briggs, 2006), confabulation is the process of conveying information between two or more people. Communication is essential in building relationships with patients and gaining trust. In the NHS, the majority of the complaints brought against them were for poor communication from healthcare staff (Pincock, 2004). To highlight how important communication is in the nursing profession, the NMC identified it as being an essential skill and only if a student is competent in this skill can they then go on and register as a nurse (NMC, 2007).In order to communicate with John the situation required the use of interpersonal skills, known as non verbal and verbal communication. none verbal communication is described by (Dougherty Lister, 2008 p.62) as being information transmitted without public speaking. Johns body language indicated that he was tense and anxious, therefore ap proach him with empathy ensured that he was being understood and that his participation in communication was wanted (Peate Offredy, 2006). Given the history of Johns aggressive outbursts it was necessary to consider the proxemics in the situation. It is recommended that memory within a distance of 4 to 12 feet away from a person is less intimidating for them (Egan, 2002). In order to engage in conversation with John, Egans (2002) acronym SOLER was used. This is a process of using body language to actively listen to a person. By sitting squarely towards John, having an open posture, tilted in towards him, maintaining eye contact and a relaxed posture, this in turn encourage him to relax and feel less intimidated, therefore able to talk more openly (Dougherty Lister, 2008).Verbal communication with John was enhanced by the use of facial expression and paraverbal communication. According to (Delaune Ladner, 2002, p195) Facial expressions give clues that support, contradict or di sguise the verbal message, therefore the use of a smile when go up John indicated warmth and friendliness. This was assisted further by the use of paracommunication these are the cues that accompany verbal language. These include tone, pitch, speed and volume of the person speaking therefore communicating with John using a soft tone of voice added further meaning to the spoken words (Delaune Ladner, 2002).The barriers in communication during this incident were Johns aggressiveness. This could have been due to the withdrawal from cigarettes, as according to Bruce (2008) pique is a symptom of nicotine withdrawal. If a patient is unable to smoke in hospital then nicotine replacement therapy should be introduced and the patient should be treated like any other dependant. Bruce (2008) states that Withdrawal from nicotine of necessity to be recognize and treated appropriately in the acute hospital it will often be the ward nurses who are relied upon to recognise the symptoms. These sy mptoms were overlooked by the staff and to add to his frustration he had no means of mobility in order to allow him to leave the ward for a cigarette. This may account for his outbursts of anger. Peplau (2004) suggests that when there is an obstacle or obstruction preventing a person from achieving their goals this may submit to frustration which in turn often leads to anger.Using Gibbss reflective regular recurrence has assisted me in analysing the situation and to put things into perspective, recognising how I can put this learning experience to positive use in my future practice as a nursing professional. If this situation were to arise again I know I would now have the courage to question the nurses perspective at an earlier stage pointing out that bad practice by anyone is not acceptable. From this experience I have learnt that I need to be more assertive and if I feel the needs of a patient are not being met, my first consideration should be to protect the interests and saf ety of patients, in line with the NMC (2008) Code of Professional Conduct. This reflection has highlighted the need to increase my knowledge and understanding of the process of communicating with patients from different ethnical backgrounds, I will address these issues by, listening and learning from the qualified staff and by reading relevant literature.In conclusion it can be seen that the nurse has a very important role in communicating with patients throughout their treatment. When a patient is admitted to hospital, assessments should be made based on the activities of daily living, (Roper, Logan Tierney, 2000). Johns assessment not only should have identified the level of care required, it should also have established his normal routine and the point that he was a smoker and also required a wheelchair for mobility. If Johns needs had been assessed correctly the breakdown in the relationship between John and the professional staff could have been prevented. Overall, through th is reflection I have learnt that communication is an essential skill that requires as much practice and consideration as any other aspect of nursing.ReferencesAlexander, M., Fawcett, N. Runciman. P, (1994) breast feeding drill Hospital and dwelling house The Adult capital of the United Kingdom Churchill Livingstone.Almond, P. Yardley, J. (2009) An Introduction to Communication. Chapter 1 IN Childs, L., Coles, L., Marjoram, B. (Eds.) (2009) Essential Skills Clusters for Nurses Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.Briggs, D. (2005) Communication and Interpersonal Skills in Nursing. Chapter 4 IN Peate, I. (2005) Compendium of Clinical Skills for assimilator Nurses London John Wiley Sons Ltd.Bruce, G. (2008) Smoking Cessation in Hospital London Nursing Times. Online last accessed 18th November 2009 at http//www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice-clinical-research/smoking-cessation-in-hospital/1646376.article.Delaune, S. Ladner, P. (2002) Fundamentals of Nursing Standards Practice (2 nd Edition) Albany NY Thomson Delmar Learning.Dougherty, L. Lister, S. (2008) The Royal Marsden Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures (7th Edition) Oxford Blackwell Publishing.Egan, G. (2002) The Skilled assist A problem management approach to helping (7th Edition) California permit / Cole.Garnham, P. (2001) Understanding and dealing with anger, aggression Nursing Standard Vol. 16, No. 6, pp 37-42.Ghaye, T. Lillyman, S. (2001) coefficient of reflection Principles and Practice for Healthcare Professionals. Wiltshire Mark Allen Publishing ltd.Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by Doing A Guide to Learning and Teaching Methods Oxford Further Education Unit, Oxford Polytechnic.Jasper, M. (2003) Foundations in Nursing and Health Care Beginning Reflective Practice Oxford Nelson Thornes.Nursing and obstetrics Council (NMC) (2007) Essential Skills Cluster for Pre- Registration Nursing Programmes. Annex 2 to NMC posting 07/2007, Online Last accessed 1st December 2009 at http//www.nmc-uk.org/aFr ameDisplay.aspx?DocumentID=2690.Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008) The NMC Code of Professional Conduct Standards for Conduct, Performance and Ethics London NMC.Peate, I. Offredy, M. (2006) Becoming a Nurse in the 21st Century Chichester John Wiley Sons Ltd.Peplau, H.E. (2004) Interpersonal traffic in Nursing New York Springer Publishing Company.Pincock, S. (2004) Poor communication lies at the heart of NHS complaints, says ombudsman British Medical Journal January Vol. 328, No. 7430, p10.Rogers, C. R. (1957) The needed and Sufficient Conditions of Theraputic Personality Change Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Vol. 60, No. 6, pp 827-832.Roper, N., Logan, W. Tierney, A. J. (2000) The Roper Logan and Tierney Model of Nursing London Churchill Livingstone.

Free Essays - Social Expectations in Oedipus the King (Oedipus Rex) :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Social Expectations in Oedipus the major power     It is made take a crap that the citizens of Thebes were religious and had a deep reliance on the gods. You can non equal the gods...p161. It was pass judg custodyt socially, that the citizens of Thebes recognized the gods power, and so for Jocasta to refer to the prophecies as hollow would not wipe out been generally accepted behaviour.   The priest is an decrepit and religious man, something we realise is headspring respected in Thebes as Oedipus who is king, speaks with the priest on an equal level. The elderly were considered to be wise and whence socially it would be expected that heretofore the king should be polite to them. Speak up, old man. Your years, your dignity... p. 159   Oedipus is rude to Teiresias who is overly a wise and religious man. Youre a nuisance here...p185. Oedipus is not reenforcement up to his social expectations here, signifying he is fast approaching his downfall.   Oedipus is seen to have figure of speech standards with regards to the idea of murder. He is aware that he has killed someone, yet to hear that King Laius was killed, he seems appalled, ...so daring, so wild, hed kill a king?p166. It is depicted as being morally less acceptable to kill someone of proud blood.   The king was someone who the people of Thebes turned to when they needed help, figure us strength, rescue p. 161. Oedipus had set himself high social expectations after helping free Thebes from the sphinx. Oedipus was admired as being best of men p. 161, and therefore socially the citizens would have expected him to help them when they needed it. Oedipus was kinder to the citizens and more sacrifice with them than was generally expected from a king, my children p. 162. He spoke to them directly and not through a messenger, showing the closeness between the people and their king, here(predicate) I am myself... p. 159.   Oedipus and Creon put al l their efforts in to finding the grampus of Laius. They take it on as their moral obligation as it has departed so far without justice being made, But you, loyal men of Thebes who approve my actions, may our champion, Justice, may all the gods be with us.

A Not So-Perfect Pancake Essay -- Personal Narrative Family Essays

Not So-Perfect Pancake The form of the pancake my gravel make for me every morning was always unp releaseictable. Sometimes, they would come out perfectly, serene and round with sprinkles of love blended in. Other times, they would be mushy, out of true shapes that seemed to pile onto the plate. It was just like life, sometimes things would go as intend without any wrinkles, smooth, and other times I would need a glutinous iron to get rid of the bunching wrinkles. Overall though, the pancakes symbolized my yields loyalty to me and served as a bonding tool. Waking up at 600 was never something I enjoyed. In fact, it was more of a wrestling match between my affright clock and me. Staggering out of bed, I would somehow manage to incline myself into the shower and progress to drying my hair and finding clothes, on a unsloped day they would even match. Then, I would routinely plop down onto the red and white-checkered cushion that covered my favorite stool, and eat the breakfast my mother made for me. It was always the same, a single chocolate hightail it pancake with strike cream on top. Why I chose a chocolate chip pancake and not something else like poached eggs with biscuits, Im not positive(predicate). possibly it was because I loved how the chocolate chips would melt into the rest of the pancake adding a semi sweet taste to a normally bland breakfast, or it could be blamed on my pickiness as an eater. Once I effectuate something I liked, I rarely strayed from it. More practically though, it was because my mother could effectuate the batter the night before making it quicker and easier to cook in the morning. During the times I was on schedule, a rarity for me in the morning, I would slowly savor each bite and talk to my half incognizant mother about little things the fight... ...help of my family and the return of my sister it was able to transubstantiate into a perfect delectable and delicious pancake. And why did my mother disturb up to ma ke me one every morning? I hear her talking on the phone to my brother. Living in Alaska, there is a five-hour time change, and he called one morning expecting to leave a centre on the answering machine. Instead he got my mothers dreary voice. I could ask what he was saying on the other line, Mom, why are you up so early? She replied with making Helena breakfast. He evidently questioned the importance of that because the next words out of her mouth were if I nurture to sacrifice an hour and a half of sleep to make sure she eats and starts the day off right then I leave. It had been five years since I overcame my eating disorder and still my mother proved to me that she never breaks her promises.

Compare/Contrast Rip Van Winkle and The Devil and Tom Walker Essay

Both of the stories by Washington Irving ar fictitious tales written in the mid 1800s. The author, Washington Irving, was an influential author. He invented narrators, who were both comical and fictional, to explain his stories. His work was based on German folk tales, and he added an American twist to the age-old tales. The first issue that strikes me after reading both of these stories is that Irving uses inflated diction in both. This is another(prenominal) reason Irving became so popular. This way of writing made the story much enjoyable and comical. However, to some readers, inflated diction could be confusing and annoying. any way, this style is prevalent in both of the stories. Another thing these stories check in common are eit...

Declaring the Rights of Men and Women in the French Revolution Essay

The French Revolution was a dark time in the history of man. From corruption in government to the almost certainty of starvation for the French peasants, there seemed to be no sign of better times. These were scarce a few of the logs in the ever-growing revolutionary fire that was burning in the late 1700s.     There were many causes to the French Revolution ranging from poor dissemination of power and wealth, a bad harvest which left no impress for bread, a manufacturing depression, and the indexs financial problems (which caused overtaxation for the entire population with the exception of the high clergy and nobility). When the estates customary was called for the first time in one hundred years, it seemed that the Enlightenment had ultimately reached France and it seemed that things were going to get better. But as the third estate superior general would soon find out, this was merely a trick by the the king and other estates general to bring more taxat ion to the lower and lay classes.     When the third estate found out about this plot, they proposed a transform in the voting rules which not only didnt pass, but got them locked out of the hearings. But, on July 17, 1789, the third estate founded the National Assembly which later brought upon the Declaration of the Rights of Man. This solving affirmed the "natural and impre-scriptible rights of man" to "liberty, property, security, and ...

Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Teaching Statement

Philosophy of EducationI spent almost time looking back upon my time in elementary, junior towering and high enlighten and thinking about all of my favorite teachers, and what simply make them such outstanding, inspiring educators. I came to several conclusions. A technical teacher is one who can not only show a educatee how to add four and seven, but also help them consume why it is important for them to hump how to do so. A good teacher is one who can explain to a child the process of photosynthesis bit at the same time instilling an appreciation for the beauty of a flower. A good teacher is one who can accept and value a hug from a child and conveniently overlook the torpid handprints left on her skirt. I feel that successful teaching method is made of several components that build upon and complement each other. Love and discipline, understanding and encouragement, and intentness and persistence constitute a pyramid for the educational process.The foundation of teac hing should be love and discipline. In order to promote a adept environment that is conducive to learning, teachers must establish classroom rules that are some but fair. It is the teachers responsibility to enforce those rules without prejudice or without favoring one student over another. I agree with the existentialist philosophy that students should be taught to contract full responsibility for their own actions. However, discipline--or any other facet of teaching, for that matter--is unuseable without love. It has been said that people do not care how much you know until they know how much you care. I believe that has a definite operation in the field of teaching. A teacher who does not show his or her students that rules and regulations are for their benefit, not to stifle or di... ..., it is the teachers responsibility to be a positive role model, both on and off the school grounds. Teachers should reach out to model integrity, kindness, and determination. I have a pa ssion for teaching and a desire to be, among many things, a mend, encouragement, and inspiration to my students. My future educational plans let in the pursuit of a Bachelor of Arts degree in incline/Writing and a Bachelor of Science degree in secondary winding Education and possibly return to school to obtain a get the hang degree in Education as well. My ideal teaching linear perspective would be as English teacher at the school from which I graduated, Rainelle Christian Academy, but teaching at a public school is certainly not out of the question for me either. If the title can be attained through hard work, compassion, persistence, and motivation, I will one daytime be called someones favorite teacher.

The Metamorphosis Essay :: essays research papers

The metamorphosis by Franz KafkaFrom this story, I inferred that suffering is a necessary component of a healthy mind. Every member of the Samsa family experiences this suffering and their spirit and will ar awakened by it. They all undergo a painful metamorphosis, Gregors beingness the most dramatic. The complacent relationship between Gregor and his family is shattered one break of day and their roles are elementalally reversed. To feel an obligation to an unpleasant task and to get others depend on you is to have a sense of purpose. It is a basic human need that makes one feel venerable and deserving. The most unmistakable evidence for this theory is the tradition of serving ones country in the military, which Gregor has done. altruism and hard work are what enable us to look flock in the eye.It is this need which was Gregors motivation for trudging on through a blood which he despises. He is like a bottom-feeder for other peoples get laid and respect. He maintains a s park of real intimacy for his sister, which later surfaces when he hears her acting the violin to the guests. At that moment he realizes what he has been starving for as he plays out in his mind the fantasy of keeping her in his room, having her play to him, kissing her, and telling her his plans of sending her to a music school. This gaining of Gretes love and appreciation is the reward Gregor feels he has earned through his suffering. When he hears his familys end that he is in no way a human being and must be gotten rid of, he realises that his hope will never be realised. He dies alone shortly after this, as if he is giving up.It is this way of life which each member of Gregors family fights to attain. His father, after get basically an invalid through five years of inactivity, quickly becomes untouchable and capable through his new job. He clings to this new responsibility, wearing his render constantly. He even sleeps in it in extreme discomfort, and yet quite peacefully. Gregors become did most of the house work and great piles of sewing. Grete became the one to take solicitude of Gregor. Even though she soon started to despise this job, it was still very central to her. She becomes very upset at her mother for trying to clean Gregors room, fetching that responsibility away from Grete.

Financial Statements Essay -- Economy, Financial Distress

Financial Statements basically designate the historical thrash or record of the company at well-nigh former mention of time. By the time when pecuniary statements atomic number 18 do public, changes are more(prenominal) economical areas such as market place conditions, specie exchange roam and inflations good deal change the shelters of assets and liabilities. In this boldness there a great deal exist discrepancies between book rank of assets and their market values. In in a higher place case there might be companies that are lusty and legion(predicate) go through period of fiscal distress. In particular is the bane of non being able to meet debt obligations.The outgrowth Indication of fiscal distress is when firm does non pee-pee decent liquid assets (short-term assets) to compensate (pay for) current liabilities (short-term liabilities) when this happen than firm ability to back long-term liabilities is trim down resulting in creditors taking on more bump than the investment of give money to the firm is worth.When company is facing pecuniary distress, book value of company liabilities can become worth more than the market value of the same liabilities. If this happen, than firm is in danger of not meeting its obligations to creditors. In this case creditors may not be compensable and in tally of pecuniary distressed time, the creditors may receive zip in involvement or principal, if the firm files for bankruptcy. The importance of financial-decision making goals is to outgrowth shareholders value and to aliveness them away from financial distress. The Predicting of financial distress is an archean warning place to keep investors from being loss. It has been more than 70 years, since Ramser & Foster, and Fitzpatrich in 1931-1932, and 44 years, since topper (1966) but still they have not make the theory... ...earches this paper extends the previous research work done on financial distress. We have apply modified Altman Z Score as a proxy for the financial distress. After including the financially distressed and financially healthy firms in our sample, we have seen the effect of financial distress on merged immediate payment flows. anterior to this work hardly any paper can be seen which studies the violation of financial distress on corporate cash flows, especially in Asian context. Our work adds to the literature in a sense that it not only identifies the financially distressed firms but also measures the effect of financial distress on operating cash flows of the firms listed on Karachi Stock Exchange. Our work also contributes to the literature in establishing a item that whether the model of financial distress developed by Altman is relevant in Pakistans bodied Environment. Financial Statements Essay -- Economy, Financial DistressFinancial Statements basically show the historical performance or record of the company at some previous point of time. By the time wh en financial statements are made public, changes are many economical areas such as market conditions, currency exchange rate and inflations can change the values of assets and liabilities. In this case there often exist discrepancies between book value of assets and their market values. In above case there might be companies that are healthy and many go through period of financial distress. In particular is the threat of not being able to meet debt obligations.The first Indication of financial distress is when firm does not have enough liquid assets (short-term assets) to cover (pay for) current liabilities (short-term liabilities) when this happen than firm ability to covering long-term liabilities is reduced resulting in creditors taking on more risk than the investment of loaning money to the firm is worth.When company is facing financial distress, book value of company liabilities can become worth more than the market value of the same liabilities. If this happen, than firm is i n danger of not meeting its obligations to creditors. In this case creditors may not be paid and in worst of financial distressed time, the creditors may receive nothing in interest or principal, if the firm files for bankruptcy. The importance of financial-decision making goals is to increase shareholders value and to keep them away from financial distress. The Predicting of financial distress is an early warning signal to keep investors from being loss. It has been more than 70 years, since Ramser & Foster, and Fitzpatrich in 1931-1932, and 44 years, since Beaver (1966) but still they have not found the theory... ...earches this paper extends the previous research work done on financial distress. We have used modified Altman Z Score as a proxy for the financial distress. After including the financially distressed and financially healthy firms in our sample, we have seen the effect of financial distress on corporate cash flows. Prior to this work hardly any paper can be seen whi ch studies the impact of financial distress on corporate cash flows, especially in Asian context. Our work adds to the literature in a sense that it not only identifies the financially distressed firms but also measures the effect of financial distress on operating cash flows of the firms listed on Karachi Stock Exchange. Our work also contributes to the literature in establishing a fact that whether the model of financial distress developed by Altman is relevant in Pakistans Corporate Environment.

Chicano Studies: Ignacio M. Garcia and Guadalupe San Miguel :: essays research papers

The first article I have elect is, Juncture in the road Chicano Studies Since El plan de Santa Barbara by Ignacio M. Garcia. I have chosen this particular article for various modestnesss. One is because reading the first some paragraphs of the article stirred up many emotions within me. I make up myself growing angry and once, a apply, repulsed by the United States discrimination system. The more friendship I obtain on the United States, on its past and how it develops today, I can finally say that I resent everything it stands for and embarrassed creation part of it. I would rather say that I am a country of onemyself. The second reason for choosing this article, was because it was an easy read for me as well as the topic being discussed was intriguing. The first paragraph gives the readers and belief of the growing interest on Chicano Studies. Its has developed over the figure of twenty-six years and obtaining more non-chicano intellectuals that have absolutely no biotic community thus having no clue if studying the history of Chicanos. Part of the reason for everyones sudden interest in Chicano Studies is to integrate it into a larger ethnic study programs. The downfall of integrating the studies is that it places limitations on other courses that substitute with the major academic departments. The new development of Chicano Studies is really an excuse to check genuine studies and to allow teachers to implement connected programs to receive a perm status within their careers. Another part of keeping Chicano Studies in succession is to deliberately undermine its true meaning as well as keep it understaffed and under financed. This situation diminishes the programs ability to do community service for further future developments. This is critical for the readers to know the show the bias, injustice, and deliberate ignorance of the United States educational system. It also demonstrates that Chicano Studies is not important regardless of the Lati no population in this supposed free country. It seems as if the Chicano Studies was made just now to fail by keeping it under funded and understaffed. By doing so, it has an affect on keeping away good scholars to maintain the historical development of Hispanics in the United States as well as its own history.When the Chicano programs do point a minimal break such as receiving enough funding, gain departmental status, and have courses be part of the general education requirements, in that respect would some body in the shadows sneering at the progress.

Religious Discrimination Essay -- Religion Discrimination Discriminati

apparitional secernmentTable of Contents1. Introduction12. Definitions22.1 unearthly vox populi22.2 phantasmal inconsistency33. Title VII of the civilised Rights Act of 196433.1 Prohibitions33.2 Accommodations and Undue Hardship43.3 Who is issuance to the Provisions under Title VII?54. How to Handle Religious contrast in the Workplace64.1 Preventive Measures64.2 file a Charge85. Cloutier v. Costco Wholesale96. Religious Discrimination after September 11, 2001127. abstract and Conclusion137.1 Summary137.2 Conclusion151. IntroductionTitle VII of the elegant Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employers from discriminating against applicants and employees because of their race, color, religion, sex or national channel. Religious Discrimination as part of the Civil Rights Act is the subject of this term paper.Initially, I will give a brief exposition of religious whimsy and religious discrimination and write afterwards about prohibitions regarding religious discrimination, evenha ndedly accommodation of religious beliefs and practices, undue hardship, and about the suspense Who is subject to the pabulum under Title VII?.Furthermore, I will enter into the question how employers and employees should handle religious discrimination in the employment. Since discrimination in the oeuvre cannot only cause costly lawsuits, but also has an impact on the moral of the employees, I will name some preventive measures. later on that, I will switch to the employees view and give the commentator an idea of what an employee should consider when filing a charge because of religious discrimination. Then, I will present the case Cloutier v. Costco Wholesale, which shall illustrate how everything fits together from the broad definition of religion to the handling of a filed charge.According to statistics of the Equal usage opportunity Commission (EEOC) and state and local fair employment practices agencies, the number of charges alleging workplace discrimination based on religion or national origin has been significantly increased after September 11, 2001. Therefore, I will atomic pile in this term paper with the influence of the attacks on the World softwood Center and the Pentagon on religious discrimination in the workplace.Finally, I... ...pportunity Commission. (2002, June). Facts About Religious Discrimination. Retrieved from http//www.eeoc.gov/facts/fs-relig.htmlThe U.S. Equal economic consumption Opportunity Commission. (1997, June). Filing a Charge. Retrieved from http//www.eeoc.gov/facts/howtofil.htmlThe U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2002, May). QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THE WORKPLACE RIGHTS OF MUSLIMS, ARABS, SOUTH ASIANS, AND SIKHS UNDER THE EQUAL purpose OPPORTUNITY LAWS. Retrieved from http//www.eeoc.gov/facts/backlash-employee.htmlThe U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2004, November). Religious Discrimination. Retrieved from http//www.eeoc.gov/types/religion.htmlThe U.S. Equal Employment Opportu nity Commission. (1997, January). Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Retrieved from http//www.eeoc.gov/policy/vii.htmlVorys, Sater, Seymour and Pease LLP. (2002, October). Religious discrimination Accommodating differences in the workplace. Retrieved from http//www.vssp.com/CM/Articles/articles871.aspworkindex. (2004, November). Ten Tips For Avoiding Religious Discrimination. Retrieved from http//www.workindex.com/tower/hre/hre0411-05.asp

India vs. Imperialism :: essays research papers fc

Safeguards Against ImperialismAfter a farming attains independence, it attempts the enormous r kayoede to stability. Economic stability is a in truth important aspect of a acress independence. New countries argon very vulnerable to the envious hands of the more developed alter nations, so their leaders must(prenominal) devise means to strengthen their nations sparing and check the money within its own borders. India is much(prenominal) a developing country that has needed to protect its economy from the imperialism of former(a) nations. This protection was generally act with the implementation of governance-sponsored programs, which altered certain taxes and tariffs, set private businesses, and in addition created government owned businesses.One project that attempt to strengthen Indias economy was started by P.C. Mahalanobis. His idea was the sanction five-year jut out. measure from 1956 to 1961, this plan implemented British socialism combined with Mahatma Gandh is tenets. The second five-year plan tried to slip away the importation of consumer goods with high tariffs and low quotas. This caused 17 industries to become nationalized. Licenses were also need for starting saucy businesses or producing new products. Bureaucratic control was tightened with these licenses, which were also required for shutting down or canceling workings. If a business would begin shutting down, the government would intervene and issue subsidies and assistance for as long as possible. Containing Indias consumer market within the countrys borders protect against Imperialist powers by making products produced locally much less high-ticket(prenominal) than imports, appealing to local citizens and encouraging innate growth.Another leader who organize plans to strengthen Indias market was Indira Gandhi. Attempting to profit on Mahalanobis relative success, Indira began a program to promote small businesses by funding them with money in one case used for agr iculture. This would lead to the loss of Indias agricultural market, but the plan included programs that would help agriculture, and small comminute intensive businesses of the countryside. Indias fruit began to grow, but slower than other countries. The programs were created with the figure of creating enough output to turn over poverty, and become stable enough to supply revenue from exports. Government programs do not always work, however, and these programs turned out to have more of a negative impact on Indias potential growth, as over-regulation shortly followed.In addition to the over-regulation of private industries, India created result socialist enterprises. The government of India nationalized its sour industry and created new SOEs, or state-owned enterprises. These SOEs were more expensive to go on and operate than private industries, and their inefficiencies quickly became apparent.India vs. Imperialism essays research papers fc Safeguards Against Imperiali smAfter a country attains independence, it begins the long road to stability. Economic stability is a very important aspect of a nations independence. New countries are very vulnerable to the greedy hands of the more developed industrialized nations, so their leaders must devise means to strengthen their nations economy and keep the money within its own borders. India is such a developing country that has needed to protect its economy from the imperialism of other nations. This protection was generally attempted with the implementation of government-sponsored programs, which altered certain taxes and tariffs, regulated private businesses, and also created government owned businesses.One project that attempted to strengthen Indias economy was started by P.C. Mahalanobis. His idea was the second five-year plan. Lasting from 1956 to 1961, this plan implemented British socialism combined with Mahatma Gandhis tenets. The second five-year plan tried to eliminate the importation of consume r goods with high tariffs and low quotas. This caused seventeen industries to become nationalized. Licenses were also required for starting new businesses or producing new products. Bureaucratic control was tightened with these licenses, which were also required for shutting down or canceling workings. If a business would begin shutting down, the government would intervene and provide subsidies and assistance for as long as possible. Containing Indias consumer market within the countrys borders protected against Imperialist powers by making products produced locally much less expensive than imports, appealing to local citizens and encouraging internal growth.Another leader who formed plans to strengthen Indias market was Indira Gandhi. Attempting to capitalize on Mahalanobis relative success, Indira began a program to promote small businesses by funding them with money formerly used for agriculture. This would lead to the loss of Indias agricultural market, but the plan included pro grams that would help agriculture, and small labor intensive businesses of the countryside. Indias output began to grow, but slower than other countries. The programs were created with the intent of creating enough output to eliminate poverty, and become stable enough to generate revenue from exports. Government programs do not always work, however, and these programs turned out to have more of a negative impact on Indias potential growth, as over-regulation soon followed.In addition to the over-regulation of private industries, India created direct socialist enterprises. The government of India nationalized its heavy industry and created new SOEs, or state-owned enterprises. These SOEs were more expensive to build and operate than private industries, and their inefficiencies quickly became apparent.

Peanut :: essays research papers

This bind is about pea fruitcake, the plant. There is a separate article about Pea awry(p), the amusing strip by Charles M. Schulz. Peanut Peanut leaves and freshly dug pods scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Class class Dicotyledonae Order Fabales Family Fabaceae Subfamily Faboideae Tribe Aeschynomeneae Genus genus genus Arachis Species A. hypogaea Binomial name Arachis hypogaeaL. The Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the pea family Fabaceae native to southeastward the States. It is an annual herbaceous plant growing to 30-50 cm tall. The leaves are alternate, compound with four leaflets (two opposite pairs no terminal leaflet), each leaflet 1-7 cm long and 1-3 cm broad. The flowers are a typical peaflower in shape, 2-4 cm across, yellow-bellied with reddish veining. After pollination, the fruit develops into a legume 3-7 cm long containing 2-3 (rarely 1 or 4) seeds, which forces its way underground to mature. Although a nut in the culina ry sense, in the botanical sense the fruit of the truffle is a woody, indehiscent legume or pod.Peanuts are also cognize as Groundnuts (because they grow underground), Earthnuts, Goobers, Goober peas, Pindas, Pinders, Manila nuts and Monkey nuts (the last of these is often used to mean the spotless pod, not scantily the seeds).Contents showhide 1 Origins2 Cultivation3 Cultivars of Peanuts3.1 Spanish grouping3.2 Runner Group3.3 Virginia Group3.4 Valencia Group3.5 Tennessee Red and Tennessee White Groups4 Uses5 Allergies6 U.S. Department of Agriculture Program for Peanuts7 administer8 See also9 External linkseditOrigins archaeological evidence demonstrates that the peanut was domesticated in prehistoric times in South America, where wild ancestors are still found. The plant was later imbue worldwide by European traders. Cultivation in North America was popularized by African American, who brought the Kikongo word goober.editCultivationPeanuts, showing legumes, one discontinue open revealing two seeds with their brown seed coatsThe flower of the Arachis hypogaea is borne above ground and after it withers, the stalk elongates, bends down, and forces the ovary underground. When the seed is mature, the inside(a) lining of the pods (called the seed coat) changes color from white to a reddish brown. The entire plant, including most of the roots, is removed from the soil during harvesting.The pods begin in the orange veined, yellow petaled, pealike flowers, which are borne in axillary clusters above ground. Following self-pollination (peanuts are end up inbreeders), the flowers fade. The stalks at the bases of the ovaries, called pegs, elongate rapidly, and turn downward to bury the fruits several inches in the ground to complete their development.