The Institution of Slavery and Its Effects of People and...

The Institution of Slavery and its Effects on People and Family Life The â€Å"Public Sale of Negroes, by Richard Clagett, depicts a typical auction in 1883. Although, it is important to note that â€Å"typical† in the 1800’s is very far from the typical of today. What is interesting or peculiar about this auction and many others in this time is that they were auctioning and selling people. The â€Å"Institution of Slavery† or chattel slavery, or even simply slavery, was the mistreatment of people as personal property and objects, where they were bought and sold and forced to perform work and labor. This â€Å"institution† was entirely legal, recognized at the writing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and ended by legal abolishment December 1865,†¦show more content†¦This reality is reflected in Clagetts accounts, when he refers to a â€Å"yellow girl† and â€Å"bright mulattoes, of mild tractable dispositions†. Yellow is usually a clear distinction of a mixed race person as they are usually a lighter skin complexion. Mulatto, which is defined as a person born from one white parent and one black parent. In such a racially charged, community being mixed race often brought confusion. Mulatto’s, or mixed race people, were generally treated better in society although still viewed as black and inferior. Mulatto holds a negative connotation because they were usually the result of rape or sexual abuse. Sometimes a mulatto was able to assimilate completely into white society and pass as normal whites. It is also important to know that mixed children born to slave mothers were treated as slaves, and that mixed children born to white mothers were considered free. This became contextually confusing to define race, although all mulattos were mistreated and felt the effects of racism at one point or another. Age Age was a very important determining factor in auctions and enslavement. Buying a younger child meant that they were able to be trained and taught to suit your needs, they were not good for work right away but promised a good work ethic in the future. While buying an older adult, already trained made it harder to trust them, they also brought with them problems such as knowledge about other plantations,Show MoreRelatedThe Connection Between The Bondage Of Mind And Of The Body 921 Words   |  4 Pages‘bondage of mind’ and the ‘bondage of the body’ as found in the southern ideology justifying slavery; The notion of slavery seems foreign to the majority of people today, but for our ancestors and Frederick Douglass it was a very real part of life. The concept of slavery is one that people today find unfathomable, particularly in the justification of slavery and why people owned slaves. The institution of slavery is as old as civilization itself existing in various forms throughout the world, historyRead MoreIs Slavery An Evil Or Benign Institution?1020 Words   |  5 PagesMontgomery Ms. Matz Comp 120 December 6, 2016   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is Slavery an Evil or Benign Institution? Slavery, there are an estimated 20-30 million people enslaved today (dosomething.org). There are different kinds of slavery including but not limited to sex slavery, chattel slavery, child slavery, forced labor, bonded labor, and debt labor. Though the types of slavery can vary, the people have agreed that the definition of slavery is solid and simple; slavery is the act of holding a person in servitude to a dominatingRead MoreSlavery1001 Words   |  5 Pages Slavery was like an addiction that the south could not break. Although it provided economic benefits to both the north and the south, the addiction or â€Å"curse† bound the people to the downfalls of slavery as well. Slavery created an oligarchy of which a small aristocracy of slave-owners would dominate political, economic, and social affairs of both blacks and whites. The institutions negative impact on the South, and even the entire nation would eventually lead to a great tragedy: the civil war.Read MoreFrederick Do uglass s Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass, An American Slave1434 Words   |  6 Pagestremendous effect on the views whites had about slavery and its role in American society. Douglass became a self-educated man as he grew up within the entanglements of slavery, but as a child he did not realize the effect that knowledge would eventually have on his life. His mistress, Sophia Auld, began teaching him how to read until his master Hugh Auld warned her against its effects on the regression of Douglass’s quality as a slave. In his renowned autobiography, Narrative of the life of FredrickRead MoreThe Effects Of Slavery On American South And Its Entire Population Essay1497 Words   |  6 PagesEssentially, slavery was an economic institution with far-reaching benefits to slaveholders, since the value of slave labor was considerably more than the cost of their maintenance. Demands for democratization, respect for human dignity and American Civil War presented a major tur ning point in the institution of slavery as farmers turned to lesser labor-intensive production methods such as the use of Eli Whitney s Cotton Gin. This paper analyzes different ways in which institution of Slavery affectedRead MoreSlavery Negative Effects Essay1012 Words   |  5 PagesFor many decades, slavery has improved and build many colonies. Slavery has been the powerhouse of income, especially in low country colonies. Although other people sees slavery as brutal and savage, it is my belief that slavery’s effect is good in terms of economic and way of life of slavery. I as a slave holder give my slaves a family figure. I give punishments when faulty choices happen. This punishment are lessons; for slaves to learn their mistakes and correct this kind of action. This is aRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Antebellum Period1494 Words   |  6 Pagesviewpoints of pro and anti-slavery and the people behind them. The two sides bitterly argued for their cause. Advocates of slavery included religion, economics, morals, politics, and even the Constitution to further their arguments; likewise, abolitionists used similar counterarguments and these sweeping movements fueled by persuasion became increasingly fierce and forever transformed the nation. To start the evaluation of these movements, let’s evaluate the advocates of slavery and their reasoning. DefendersRead MoreEssay on Tobacco/Cotton Slavery FRQ1677 Words   |  7 PagesDeep South. What forces transformed the institution of slavery the early seventeenth century to the nineteenth century? When approaching slavery from a historical standpoint, it is a tendency to generalize the experience of slaves. However, slavery differs per region and time period. The differing climates of the Chesapeake region and Deep South determined the crops that would be grown and consequently the severity of slave labor. Likewise, over time slavery evolved from a class based system (poorRead MoreBeloved, By Toni Morrison Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pagesthe detailed picture of life she painted for slaves at the time in American history. The grotesque and twisted nature of life during the era of slavery in America is an opposite world from the politically correct world of 2016. Morrison did not hold back about the harsh realities of slavery. Based on a true story, Toni Morrison wrote Beloved about the life of Sethe, a slave and her family. Toni Morrison left no stone unturned when describing the impact slavery on had the life of slaves. She dove deeperRead MoreEssay on Fredrick Douglas730 Wor ds   |  3 Pagesdependent upon this person for food and shelter. This person controls your life in every way possible. You are told when to wake up, what to do, how to do it and when to stop doing it. If you do not cooperate you will be beaten severely and possibly killed. Imagine a society of people that live like this! How would human character be affected by this power? How would religion be influenced by this institution? How would family life be affected by these activities? I will attempt to answer these three

The Importance of Workplace Diversity in an Organization

Running Head: THE IMPORTANCE OF WORK PLACE DIVERSITY IN AN ORGANIZATION The Importance of Workplace Diversity in an Organization Gina Cazeau/MGT 307/Week4/May2009 University of Phoenix/Professor R. Cullivan Abstract This paper will define a team and a group, and the difference between the two. It will also examine the importance of workplace diversity in an organization and how it relates to team dynamics in the workplace. The Importance of Workplace Diversity in an Organization Introduction A lot of organizations have always been puzzled by that fascinating†¦show more content†¦Diversity is many things; a bridge between organizational life and the reality of people’s lives, building corporate capability, the framework for interrelationships between people, a learning exchange, and a strategic lens on the world† (para. 3). The long-term success of any business calls for a diverse body of talent that can bring fresh ideas, perspectives and views to their work. The challenge that diversity poses, therefore, is enabling some managers to capitalize on the mixture of genders, cultural backgrounds, ages and lifestyles to respond to business opportunities more rapidly and creatively. According to Helium† A benefit of a diverse workforce is the ability to tap into the many talents which employees from different backgrounds, perspectives, abilities and disabilities bring to the workplace† (para. 5). An impressive example of this is found at the BMC HealthNet Plan because of different languages necessary to serve their members fairly. Diversity of their workforce helps them reduce cost by not using the language line too often. Their own employees serve as interpreters to provide better customer services to their diverse populations. How Diversity Relates to Team Dynamics in the Workplace According to (Morris, 2005) â€Å"Team dynamics encompasses any and all ways that individual affiliates interact with their counterparts en route to the common goal. The overallShow MoreRelatedDiversity For Success Of The Company1036 Words   |  5 Pagesis inclusiveness in the workplace. The author reveals that management has to ensure it successfully handles diversity in the workforce. The author argues that in the current workforce, which is diverse, the challenge is exclusion. The book has compiled extensive current information on social policy trends, legislative and demographic, as well as the analysis of causes and effects of workforce exclusion, and reveals that learning about how to manage the issue of diversity is critical. Therefore, basedRead MoreThe Issues Of Diversity For Success Of The Company1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthere is inclusiveness in the workplace. The author reveals that management has to ensure it s uccessfully handles diversity in the workforce. The author argues that in the current workforce, which is diverse, the challenge is exclusion. The book compiles extensive current information on social policy trends, legislative and demographic, as well as the analysis of causes and effects of workforce exclusion, and reveals that learning about how to manage the issue of diversity is critical. Therefore, basedRead MoreHR Roles and Responsibilities Paper 997 Words   |  4 Pagesprogress of an organization. When a company is equipped with a good human resource department it will tend to grow and prosper. The role of the department is to identify employees who are worthy of hiring, and knowing how to determine where they will fit into the company. Another role is that of knowing the laws, establishing company policies, monitoring benefits as well as salaries. With the ever changing economic status of the market in todays society companies must realize how the importance of havingRead MoreEssay Workplace Diversity1577 Words   |  7 PagesDiversity is the uniqueness which every employee brings to the workplace in an organization or establishment. Examples of differences include nationality, belief, disabilities, physical appearance, race, gender, age, educational background, sexual orientation, and work experience, social and family status. At the workplace, valuing diversity means creating a work environment that respects and includes individual variation by maximizing the potential of all employees or in which every employee feelsRead MoreDiversity And Inclusion Are Critical Strategies For Any Organization1320 Words   |  6 PagesDiversity and inclusion are critical strategies for any organization that wants to be successful in business. 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Factors such as Age, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Ethnicity represents Primary while Appearance, Educational Background, Marital Status, Work experience represents Secondary and Job position, Specialization, Nationality, Life stage represents Organizational and Community. In recent years, organizationsRead MoreFunctions And Functions Of Management1113 Words   |  5 Pagesbefore it is birth, and they are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. However, there is another essential component to the functions of management, and it is the important of diversity. In this paper I will identify the detailed function of these different components of management and explain their importance. With the most essential components being the planning phase, it is crucial that this particular entity is implemented correctly. With the other functions widely depending on theRead MoreWhat Makes A Successful Business?1136 Words   |  5 PagesTo manage a successful business, one must understand the importance of bringing diversity into the workforce. To be able to obtain knowledge and strength from others individual traits shows deep facets in character. These traits show when working with individuals of many cultures and backgrounds in the workplace. A leader who has this ability can handle everyone uniquely and ethically and is in tune with what differentiates one associate from the next. Once one has a grasp on who they are thenRead MoreDiversity Within The Workplace And How Communication Is The Driving Force Behind It Essay1463 Words   |  6 PagesDiversity in the workplace and how communication is the driving force behind it. Workplace diversity can be described as â€Å"all the differences in age, gender, sexual orientation, education, cultural background, religion, and life experience† (Okora Washington, 2012, as cited in Mulkeen, 2008). Another functional definition of diversity is being cultural, racial, or sex-based. An organization’s definition and viewpoint concerning diversity guides the strength of its employees to connect and communicateRead MoreOrganizational Suc cess Is Increasingly Becoming Dependent On An Organization1627 Words   |  7 Pagesever before (Gupta, 2013). Workforce diversity is widely taken into consideration by many organizations since it is considered to enhance decision-making and create a competitive advantage (Gupta, 2013). Diversity management has therefore been increasingly a matter of academic and practical interest, and the adoption of diversity management programs has been growing steadily due to the rate at which diversity is becoming prevalent and essential in the workplace (Simmons and Rowland, 2011). This essay

Organizational Strategic Plans Apple

Question: What recommendations do you have for leaders in implementing change during crisis and strategic planning? Answer: Introduction In the technological business, Apple Inc. is the most renowned organization in the global industry. It was founded in U.S in 1976 as a computing firm. Over the years, Apple has grown in coverage, size, and product portfolio. The company offers a range of consumer electronics and services including television sets, smartphones and their applications, tablets, music players, software solutions, and information and entertainment services, among others (LuSted, 2012). Apples success in the global operations links to the adoption of effective strategies that have coped with internal and external changes. Apples founder, Steve Jobs, inspired the companys growth through strategic reforms. The original strategy has evolved over the last three decades as observed through changes in vision, mission, organizational structure, marketing operations, and position slogans (Schneiders, 2011). Conclusively, changes in Apple organization are due to broad experiences of industry discontinuities, produc t life cycles, and internal company dynamics. This paper assesses the significance of the changes in Apples strategic plan towards addressing short and long-term needs due to industry discontinuities and internal dynamics. Additionally, recommendations are given for leaders to apply in implementing change during periods of crisis and strategic planning. Addressing Apples Short and Long-term Needs Industrial Discontinuities Apple has experienced industry discontinuities that alter the needs in the short and long run. For instance, throughout its life, the company has confronted different levels of technological developments in the global industry that influence the competition. At Apples inception, the standard of technology was small (LuSted, 2012). The strategy used served the needs of the company as a computer business. However, sharp technological advancements in this industry have been in existence for long. As an example, the mobile technology has evolved in the recent years such as the introduction of the smartphones. Advanced innovations have led to the development of improved versions and features (Keillor, 2012). Additionally, the computer technology has advanced to attain high speeds and avail wide features for the consumers. Technological changes have had an influence on the market needs requiring firms to incorporate new strategies to meet customer expectations and realize sustainable sales revenues. Apples management responded by adopting an approach that embraces creativity and innovations. Investments in the research and development spearhead the companys technological competitiveness (Ireland, Hoskisson, Hitt, 2012). Strategies to position the company as a technological hub address the short-term needs of availing new product features to avoid losing customers to rivals. Moreover, the policies enable the company to keep pace or be in the leading position in bringing new technologies in the industry. These operations serve the long-term needs by creating favorable customer perception that Apple is a leader in the global market. As a result, Apple has earned customer loyalty that promotes continued support and growing market share. Other industrial disruptions include economic changes that influence the market performances and new competition tactics. During the Apples lifespan, there have been unexpected economic fluctuations in America and the global world. For instance, economic recessions such as the 2008 financial crisis hit America and major economies that are key markets for Apples products (Schneiders, 2011). Economic downturns lead to a short-term loss in revenues as the customer demand declines. Reduced purchasing power hurts Apples business that targets high-end users. Drop in incomes compel the consumers to go for the cheaper products such as substitutes offered by other technological firms. Besides the economic crises, there has been booms and improvement of economies of developing countries. For instance, the Asian markets have emerged as fast growing economies that offer opportunities for exploiting increased customer demand (Segers, 2016). Improving economies raise the consumer purchasing power that attracts many firms and new entrants. Consequently, competition goes up, and the rival companies have to develop effective marketing strategies to retain and attract new customers (Gallo, 2012). Apple has altered the international strategic plans to survive the changes in the economic factors. The strategies include reduced operations to cope with commercial drops. Also, the company adopts broad distributions channels involving third parties to avail products to customers. Third parties help share marketing risks such as fall in demand as well as promoting returns by reaching many customers. Moreover, Apple provides a widened range of products and services for buyers with different income levels. Despite this, Apple still has the position of a high-end producer of consumer technological devices (Kahn, 2013). Aggressive commercials and online marketing capabilities have also helped Apple to address changes in the needs due to economic fluctuations. Internal Company Dynamics Changes in the Apple strategic plans are partly due to internal company dynamics such as corporate portfolio and change in size. Since its origin, the Apple Company has grown from local firm in the America to a giant international corporation with operations in different global regions. Continued growth in size has triggered the need to adopt new strategies and organizational structure to support quality service delivery. For instance, high demand overseas forced the company to establish regional offices and distribution points to meet the needs of specific markets (Ciravegna, Fitzgerald, Kundu, 2014). The company also has own outlets in other countries to carry the theme and ensure local presence that improves service delivery. The widened company portfolio also drives growth in size. Apple has diversified into different businesses rather than depending on original objectives as a computer firm at inception. A broadened product range introduces increased responsibilities and operat ions that require new functions to maintain organizational efficiency (Ireland, Hoskisson, Hitt, 2012). Consequently, Apple management responded to meet these needs through strategic changes to create new sections and managers in America as well as in the foreign markets. Currently, the company has officials in major and emerging markets to serve the customer and organizational needs. As a result, increased strategies have addressed the short and long-term needs associated with growth in size and portfolio diversification. Therefore, the strategic changes in Apple related to industry discontinuities and internal company dynamics have helped satisfy short and long term needs. These practices offer useful lessons for the leaders to carry out changes whenever there is crisis or during strategic planning. Recommendations for Leaders Leaders have the responsibility of instituting changes in their organizations to ensure continued or improved success. Variations in the environment are inevitable and can take place gradually or through unexpected incidences such as crises (Prewitt Weil, 2014). Despite the uncertainties, effective leaders should ensure they develop appropriate strategies to cope with change and protect organizations or followers from losses. Leaders can apply various concepts in the strategic planning process to develop effective plans that lead to institutional changes. For instance, leaders would implement the ideas of quantum approach that entail developing forward movement of time and possible attributes of stability (Lord, Dinh, Hoffman, 2015). The leaders can analyze the situations that lead to failures in uncertain situations and make decisions that help avoid such experiences in the future. Leadership requires a foresight perspective to improve on the future projects that lead to organizational changes. Leaders need to apply the success factors to their preparedness practices to ensure strategies developed do not fail. Such elements include embracing knowledge, globalization, technological advancement, formal or informal rules, and corporate lifecycle, among others (Oner, Benson, Beser, 2014). Leaders also require skills to handle crises that emerge in the organization or environment and influence operations negatively. Prudent measures help to prepare and cope with uncertainties. Proactive leaders can learn the warning signs of a looming crisis and take necessary actions that minimize losses and enable them to exploit opportunities (Prewitt Weil, 2014). Although disasters happen, some warning signs are evident, and leaders who act on them can introduce appropriate changes. Also, understanding different approaches of leaders in management and operation levels towards crises is helpful (Boin Renaud, 2013). These leaders respond differently to same crisis and appreciating the gap helps develop bridging tactics that enable effective crisis management. Learning from early feedbacks and implementing better strategies is a vital aspect of leadership. Apple Inc. has an opportunity to learn from the customers. Calls from customers and product reviews need to be analyzed to obtain this feedback. This strategy is helpful for generating new ideas or improving the existing plans by Apples managers (Prewitt Weil, 2014). Feedback also helps the leaders to improve entrepreneurial activities by designing robust commercialization strategies and better experimentation processes. Further, embracing collaborative leadership approach is necessary for strategy formulation. Conclusion Leadership in the current environment is sophisticated. Leaders require advanced capabilities and skills to institute organizational changes for coping with turbulence in the internal and external factors. Effective strategies are desirable to address short and long term needs in an organization. For instance, Apples leadership has changed the companys policies since inception to fulfill needs arising from industry discontinuities and internal dynamics. As a result, the company has withstood global market forces to emerge as a leader in the industry. Contemporary leaders would apply concepts such as proactive responses, quantum approach, and risk management gaps at different responsibility levels in developing strategic plans and handling crises. References Boin, A., Renaud, C. (2013). Orchestrating joint sense making across government levels: Challenges and requirements for crisis leadership. Journal of leadership studies, 7(3), 41-46. Ciravegna, L., Fitzgerald, R., Kundu, S. K. (2014). Operating in emerging markets: a guide to management and strategy in the new international economy. Upper Saddle River, NJ: FT Press. Gallo, C. (2012). The apple experience: secrets to building insanely great customer loyalty. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Ireland, R.D., Hoskisson, R. E., Hitt, M. A. (2012). Understanding business strategy: concepts plus. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Kahn, B. E. (2013). Global Brand Power Leveraging Branding for Long-Term Growth. New York, NY: Wharton Digital Press. Keillor, B. D. (2012). Winning in the global market: a practical guide to international business success. Santa Barbara, CA: Calif, Praeger. Lord, R. G., Dinh, J. E., Hoffman, E. L. (2015). A quantum approach to time and organizational change. Academy of management review, 40(2), 263-290. LuSted, M. A. (2012). Apple the company and its visionary founder, Steve Jobs. Minneapolis, MN: ABDO Pub. Oner, M. A., Benson, C., Beser, S. G. (2014). Linking organizational change management and organizational foresight. Strategic change, 23, 185-203. Prewitt, J. E., Weil, R. (2014). Organizational opportunities Endemic in Crisis Leadership. Journal of management policy and practice, 15(2), 72-87. Schneiders, S. (2011). Apple's secret of success - traditional marketing vs. cult marketing. Hamburg: Diplomica-Verl. Segers, R. T. (2016). Multinational Management A Casebook on Asia's Global Market Leaders. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

The Abc Killer Essay Example

The Abc Killer Essay Between July 1994 and October 1995 the ‘ABC KILLER’ haunted the heart of every black woman in South Africa. Named as such because he targeted victims in Atteridgeville, Benoni and Cleveland, the ‘ABC Killer’ raped and murdered more than 37 black women within these 15 short months. Born in the township of Vosloorus on the 17th of November 1964, Moses Sithole was dragged into a world of poverty, oppression and segregation under the Apartheid regime. His mother was an alcoholic who regularly beat Moses and his 5 siblings. One of his siblings, his step-sister, raped Moses when he was still very young. At the age of 6, his father, the sole provider of the family, died, resulting in the eviction of the Sithole-household from their tin-roofed residence. After his father’s passing, his mother abandoned them, and they were subsequently juggled between one poorly-managed youth home and the next. Moses said the following about the orphanages, â€Å"You had to be strong to survive. † Moses ran away numerous times, once even returning to his mother. However, their reunion was short-lived, as she did not want him and sent him back swiftly. When in his early teens, Moses ran away once more to Vosloorus. He quickly became popular with the local women for his good looks, disarming smile and charm. His defence attorney, Eben Jordaan, described Moses as â€Å"a very intelligent man. † However, for all his virtues, Moses also had his vices. He was quick-tempered and prone to violent outbursts against women. It is surmised that this stems from abandonment and rejection issues due to his mother. Another contributing factor was his step-sister raping him, making him feel powerless. Moses felt betrayed by every single woman in his life. We will write a custom essay sample on The Abc Killer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Abc Killer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Abc Killer specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Thus, in 1987, at the age of only 22, he sexually assaulted a woman for the first time and got his revenge. Over the next 2 years Moses raped various other women and with each attack he became more violent. Fearing for their lives, his victims kept quiet, all except Buyiswa Doris Swakamisa who reported him to the police in February 1989. Moses viewed this as yet another betrayal by a woman. Moses was sentenced to 7 years in Boksburg prison. It was inside this prison that the tables were turned. Some of his fellow inmates assaulted and sodomized Moses. Once released from prison, after serving only 4 years, he decided that if he killed his victims they could never betray him. In early July 1994 he raped 19 year old Maria Manaba in an abandoned veld and then strangled her. It was his first muder. Moses became addicted to the surge of power he felt when raping and killing women, later saying, â€Å"Some of them will pray to me like a God. † By August 1995 he had sexually assaulted and murdered more than 20 women. His modus operandi always remained the same. He would approach a woman searching for employment, introduce himself as a businessman and claim to have high-paying work for her. Moses even went as far as inventing a fictitious social service organization which was ironically called ‘Youth against Human Abuse’. He would then show the women where the organization’s ‘offices’ were, taking a ‘shortcut’ through a veld. Once out of sight he would pull out a knife and make them disrobe. Moses would then rape and strangle the women in broad daylight with their own underwear. Moses enjoyed strangling his victims because it prolonged his killing experience, and thus his sense of empowerment. He liked to toy with and torture his victims. Sometimes he would cut off the straps of their handbags, tie one end around their necks and the other around a low branch of a tree. He would make them stand for hours and watch as their legs gradually became too tired to support their own body weight, causing them to slowly lower themselves to the ground and essentially strangle themselves to death. Soon, not even the act of killing was enough for Moses. He also had to revel in his murders and thus started to call the families of his victims, taunting them. He said to one of his victim’s grandmothers, â€Å"You are now walking over the grave of Monica. In August 1995 he targeted Tryphina Mogotsi. Her body was found 1 month later in a veld, along with 10 other decomposing bodies, including that of a lifeless infant thrown beside its cold mother. The police interviewed all the victims’ families, friends and co-workers. Tryphina’s colleagues told the police that a man had offered her a new job a few days before sh e disappeared, and that he had said his name was Moses Sithole. After corroborating similar stories with the families, friends and colleagues of some of the other victims, the police finally had a suspect. In an attempt to throw the police off his trail, Moses called a reporter at the Johannesburg Star newspaper. He introduced himself as â€Å"the man that everyone is looking for† and said his name was Joseph. In order to convince the reporter and the police that he indeed was the real ‘ABC Killer’, Moses, or Joseph, gave them the locations of 2 bodies which had not yet been found, one of which was hanging from a tree. Later, Moses contacted his brother-in-law. His brother-in-law informed the police and they set a trap for Moses. The police were successful in capturing Moses, although he was shot in the leg and abdomen in the process. Moses was charged with 38 counts of murder, 40 counts of rape and 6 counts of robbery. He pled not guilty to all charges. On the 4th of December 1997 he was found guilty on all charges. It took 3 hours to read the verdict. The judge stated that he would have had no hesitation in pronouncing a death sentence on Sithole. However, the death penalty was no longer constitutional and thus Sithole was sentenced to 2 410 years in prison. When asked why he raped and murdered 37 women, he simply replied, â€Å"I fully hate a black woman. A woman can hurt you more than a man, more than anybody in this world. I was teaching them a lesson. †

The Quakers vs. The Puritans essays

The Quakers vs. The Puritans essays The Quakers were considered to be more liberal of all the new religious practices found in America. The Quakers didnt have any education on their practices because they saw no need for it. Everybodys own interpretation of the written word was as valid as the next persons. The term Quakers was actually considered derogatory they preferred to be called Professors of the Light or Friends, which was the most common term. The term Quaker was used to describe the people who tremble at the word of the Lord. The Quakers belief was extremely different of that of the Catholic Church, and the beliefs that were held by the Pilgrims and the Puritans. The Quakers believed that all possessed an Inner light. By finding this inner light you would have the Lords own hand helping you. You would be able to achieve spiritual perfection in a sense. This belief pertained to everyone in Gods eyes everyone was equal. The Quakers were critical in the early history of New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island. William Penn was the son of a wealthy landowner and held some power in the English navy. Penns father was a friend with the king and the Duke of York, and several other people of importance at that time. Penn was somewhat of a disappointment because he got thrown out of Oxford University for hold unorthodox religious opinions. Penn was very passionate about the Quaker faith, he wrote forty-two books about his connection to his faith. Penn was awarded a great deal of land (Pennsylvania) by Charles II. The charters that Penn had, allowed him complete freedom in the designing of his own form of government. Some of the things that Penn guaranteed to the settlers were Freedom from persecution, no taxation without representation, and due process of law. Pennsylvania emerged as one of the most liberal colonies and seemed to hold the most vie ...

Oil Gas Management The WritePass Journal

Oil Gas Management Abstract Oil Gas Management ; however, the Macando well unexpectedly took a longer period. By the 20th April, the day that there was the blowout, which killed eleven individuals, the rig was already late by 43 days, and this would have led to an extra cost of 21 million dollars in lease fees only. There is a danger that those who are responsible for making decisions to stop operations could feel economic pressure not to do so if was possible. Catastrophic BOP’s failure The last defense line against the Macondo incident was a device known as the ‘blind shear ram’, which is part of the BOP found on top of the wellhead, and more than a mile below the ocean floors’ surface. If the oil’s upward pressure and the gas that is in the reservoir became more than the heavy drilling fluid’s downward pressure, and all the other resources for controlling the well failed to operate, the two blades of the blind shear ram, were expected to slice through the pipe of the drill and then help in sealing the well. If the BOP had worded as expected, the whole incident would not have occurred and all the lives would not have been lost. Taking into account the single blind-shear ram’s failure to run the blowout preventer of the Deepwater Horizon, which appeared to be one of the major causes of the blowout of the well of Macondo, it was recommended that the Safety and Health Executive particularly review the case for prescription that the United Kingdom Continental Shelf’s blowout preventers are well equipped with the two blind shear ram. Whereas the flexibility of the safety regulation regime of the United Kingdom seemed to have performed properly, it was also been seen that for fail-safe devices like blowout preventer, the administration or the government has adopted minimum, strict standards of safety or show that these would not actually be an economical, last-resort against catastrophes. Importance of simple checks An appraisal of the two pods of control on the BOP of the Deep-water Horizon as a result of the incident showed that there was an error in a vital valve in one of the pods of control, and that the other pod of control did not have adequate charge on the batteries; it is believed that these faults were there during the time that the accident happened. There was at least a single working control pod needed to run the automatic mode function that would have helped in closing up the BOP. The automatic mode function should have taken place in an automatic manner, without being aided, when the hydraulic line together with the electric cables were destroyed in the explosion. The automatic mode function is a very important system of backup. It is of great concern that the simple failures of various systems were not identified during the process of inspection. As a consequence, a programme has been implemented across the global drilling operation to make sure that the equipment operates the way it is designed to do. Another thing that has been done to ensure that such preventable incidences do not repeat include fundamentally improving the testing procedures of the blowout preventers, which consists of making sure that the systems of backup work and are properly tested in the process of drilling a well. This is another instance of the industry giving a response to an accident instead of anticipating a possible problem, even though the new regime is highly welcome. It is believed that the authorities have to make sure that the offshore inspection regime of the United Kingdom could not be susceptible to simple faults like having a battery that does not have sufficient charge, to go without being noticed. Need to protect the whistle-blowers Owing to the immense economic pressure of keeping a drilling rig functional, it is of great concern to various stakeholders that the workers who attempt to talk about safety matters might be or even feel like they are intimidated by their seniors. The whistle-blowers are not in a position of calling a halt or bringing to a stop some things and the managers and clearly attempting to make money for the organization. Their primary responsibility is not protecting the environment. Some contradicting reports were found from the HSE regarding harassment and aggravation on the rigs as well as the industry’s assurances that honest whistleblowers will be given a hearing and protection. The government has also ensured that there are discussions with the unions and industry about the further actions that are required for the prevention of representatives of safety from feeling or being intimidated by their seniors such that they do not report a danger. Conclusion Following the fatal incidence that occurred in the Mexican Gulf, it is important that there is clarity on the hierarchy and identity of the liable stakeholders to make sure that the government, and thus the taxpayers, doe not need to pay for the outcomes of the offshore accidents. Any lack of hierarchy and clarity on the liability will hamper the compensation payment to those that are affected by the incident of the offshore. It is recommended that it needs to be a requirement of the process of licensing that it proves their capability to pay for the outcomes of any incident that could happen. It is recognized that these measures could actually be added to the cost of investment in the new United Kingdom gas and oil production and encourage the Treasury to consider this during incentives to investments as such. Bibliography A. Hopkins, ‘Risk-management and rule compliance: Decision-making in hazardous industries. Safety Science,’ (49, 110-120, 2011). B.P. Deepwater Horizon accident and response. Retrieved on 21/1/2014 from G. S. Braut, P. Lindà ¸e, ‘Risk Regulation in the North Sea: A common law perspective on Norwegian legislation.’ (Paper presented at the WorkingonSafety, 2009). G. S. Braut, P.H. Lindà ¸e, ‘Risk Regulation in the North Sea: A Common Law Perspecitve on Norwegian Legislation.’ (Safety Science Monitor, 14(1, Article 2), 2010). Great Britain. UK deepwater drilling: Implications of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill. (London: The Stationery Office, 2011) bp.com/en/global/corporate/gulf-of-mexico-restoration/deepwater-horizon-accident-and-response.html J. Kringen, Culture and control. Regulation of risk in the Norwegian Petroleum Industry, (University of Oslo, 2011). J. Vinnem, ‘Risk indicators for major hazards on offshore installations.’ (Safety Science, 48, 770-787, 2010). M. Baram, Self Regulation and Safety Management. (WoS, Rà ¸ros, 2011). O. E. Olsen, P.H. Lindà ¸e, ‘Risk on the ramble: The interntional transfer of risk and vulnerability.’ (Safety Science, 47, 743-755, 2009). Ocean Portal Team. Gulf Oil Spill. Retreieved on 21 Jan 2014 from http://ocean.si.edu/gulf-oil-spill P. Lindà ¸e, O.E. Olsen, ‘Conflicting Goals and mixed Roles in Risk Regulation: a case study of the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate.’ (Journal of Risk Research, (12(3-4), 1-15, 2009). R. Steizor, Lessons from the North Sea: Should Safety Cases Come to America. (School of Law, University of Maryland, Paper no. 2011-3, 2011). P. Lindà ¸e, O. A. Engen, O.E. Olsen, ‘Reponses to accidents in different industrial sectors.’ (Safety Science, 49, 90-97, 2011).

Theory and Practice of Leadership Research Paper

Theory and Practice of Leadership - Research Paper Example Thus, the managers require identifying the leadership approaches which can help in the integration of marketing activities and also help the employees in achieving their personal and professional goals. Leadership has been defined â€Å"essentially contested concept† (Godwin, Neck & Houghton, 2000, p.161). The concept has been regarded very different from management and not for the reasons employee think but because of its exotic and charismatic traits. Traditional theorist regarded leadership as integrated approach which laid emphasis on team work and had the ability to influence its followers. Traditionally, the relationship between employer and employee resembled almost to man servant relationship which has been replaced by superior subordinate relationship. The leadership theories occurred in various groups which helped in the emergence of various innovative ideas and also in the improvement of the existing features. A high quality relationship between the employer and emp loyee is actually a result of the dyadic approach between the leaders and subordinates. The dynamic relationship between the management and subordinates would lead to positive interactions between the employers and employees. Innovativeness is closely related to leadership as it is regarded as the key goal of the organization. It helps in the accomplishment of goals and objectives through proper and innovative methods and has a positive impact on the organizational performance. As per traditional theorists leadership helps in creation of a congenial organizational climate. There are various facets of leadership theories and one of them is the leader member followership relationship which helps in constructing problem solving solutions. These also help in enhancement of follower efficacy and in inculcating innovativeness among the organizational members. Situational Leadership Although, several theorists introduced the concept of leadership and various other leadership styles, situat ional leadership was the first theory which focused on the effectiveness of leadership style. Presently, no theorist believes that there is a singular leadership theory which can contribute effectively in managing various situational crises. Several situational theories were developed to highlight the leadership style which is apt for every manager under various managerial circumstances. These situational theories are highly dependent upon factors like the particular situation, task, people, environmental variables and organization. Fiedler had proposed a situational theory which proposed that there is no singular way of handling particular situation (Bolen, 2004). He proposed that a particular leadership style should be selected as per the managerial situation (Bolen, 2004).A distinction should be made between the task and relationship oriented managers. Task oriented manager’s lays emphasis on the present tasks in hand than on the enhancement of the leader member relationsh ip. These kind of managers focus on the organizational structure, task delegated to the members and the position and power of the employees. Relationship oriented managers excel in most of the situations and their managerial style resembles participative style of leadership. According to theorists Hersey

Objections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Objections - Essay Example Or, monetary returns may be provided. Even still, an additional/extra object can be added in the deal as compensation. All this will not only provide the customer a good value for the money spent, it will give him a psychological reassurance that the vendors meant well, and that it would be plausible to come here again. There is nothing greater than winning the allegiance of a customer. For instance, if the customer has come back with the complaint of the studio service, then any of the three options can be exercised. The entire service can be provided again from scratch, or the money can be returned, or some other facility/service/product can be offered to the customer as a token of goodwill and apology. This would show the customer that the intent to provide service is there on part of the vendor, and even though a glitch might have occurred on this occasion, there is every likelihood that the problem will not persist for the times to follow. Another potent method of accomplishing the same is to question and assess the situation. There is a very fine line here between inquiring, and creating a conflict with the client. The former is intended, and the latter must be avoided at all costs.

Philosophy of life Essay Example for Free

Philosophy of life Essay Unit 1: The nature of values These Quotes and information are good to use when discussing values in any essay Values as ‘principles and fundamental convictions’ are abstractions until they are applied in the contexts of daily life. Values are made real or ‘realised’ when their meaning is expressed through choices made and behaviours acted out. Values are the priorities individuals and society attach to certain beliefs, experiences, and objects in deciding how they shall live and what they shall treasure. (Hill, 2004) principles and fundamental convictions which act as general guides to behaviour, the standards by which particular actions are judged as good or desirable. (Halstead, Taylor and Taylor, 2000) Unit 1: The nature of values These Quotes and information are good to use when discussing values in any essay Values as ‘principles and fundamental convictions’ are abstractions until they are applied in the contexts of daily life. Values are made real or ‘realised’ when their meaning is expressed through choices made and behaviours acted out. Values are the priorities individuals and society attach to certain beliefs, experiences, and objects in deciding how they shall live and what they shall treasure. (Hill, 2004) principles and fundamental convictions which act as general guides to behaviour, the standards by which particular actions are judged as good or desirable. (Halstead, Taylor and Taylor, 2000) Unit 1: The nature of values These Quotes and information are good to use when discussing values in any essay Values as ‘principles and fundamental convictions’ are abstractions until they are applied in the contexts of daily life. Values are made real or ‘realised’ when their meaning is expressed through choices made and behaviours acted out. Values are the priorities individuals and society attach to certain beliefs, experiences, and objects in deciding how they shall live and what they shall treasure. (Hill, 2004) principles and fundamental convictions which act as general guides to behaviour, the standards by which particular actions are judged as good or desirable. (Halstead, Taylor and Taylor, 2000).

An Argument Against the Death Penalty :: Death Penalty Argumentative Persuasive Papers

An eyewitness to the execution of John Evans in Alabama describes this scene from the final moments of a death penalty sentence being carried out: "The first jolt of 1900 volts of electricity passed through Mr. Evans' body. It lasted thirty seconds. Sparks and flame erupted from the electrode tied to his leg. His body slammed against the straps holding him in the electric chair and his fist clenched permanently. A large puff of grayish smoke and sparks poured out from under the hood that covered his face. An overpowering stench of burnt flesh and clothing began pervading the witness room. Two doctors examined Mr. Evans and declared that he was not dead." It took three jolts of electricity and 14 minutes before John Evans was declared dead (Radelet, "Facing the Death Penalty"). Throughout history, various forms of executions such as this one have taken place as a punishment for crime. In 1976, the United States reinstated the death penalty after having revoked it in 1972 on the grounds that it "violated the Constitution's ban on cruel and unusual punishment" (MacKinnon, "Ethics" 289). Since its reinstatement, the morality of such punishment has been extensively debated. I argue that the death penalty cannot be morally justified on the basic grounds that killing a human being as a form of punishment is wrong. A major argument supporting capital punishment is that it serves as a deterrent to crimes - specifically, murder. However, this argument requires that the would be killer would take at least a moment to consider what the consequences of murder within our legal system are. This assumes that the killer is capable of such reasoning, and that the crime would be considered before it occurred. In fact, "those who commit violent crimes often do so in moments of passion, rage and fear - times when irrationality reigns" (Information, "Capital Punishment" 107). Whether or not a murder or crime is premeditated, there are statistics existing that cause us to question how supportive an argument of deterrence can be. In 1989, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, appearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee said that if we look at other Western democracies, "Not one of those countries has capital punishment for peacetime crimes, and yet every one of them has a murder rate less than half that of the United States" (Information, "Capital Punishment" 110). The Information Series on capital punishment also says that states that FBI statistics from 1976-1987 show that "In the twelve states where executions take place, the murder rate is.

Womens suffrage movement

Womens suffrage movement BY raider2014 Victoria Woodhull- The first woman to declare herself as a candidate for president, Woodhull announced her run on April 2, 1870, by sending a notice to the New York Herald. This was an absolutely astounding thing to do: women only recently received the right to vote in the two relatively obscure territories of Wyoming and Utah, and it would be another fifty years before the ratification of the 19th Amendment that assured the ballot to all American women. Moreover, she took this step without contacting any leading uffragists, who by then had been well organized for more than two decades.Susan B. Anthony and others were stunned by the action of this controversial woman, whose â€Å"open marriage† was the talk of New York City. The next presidential election was two years away, and Woodhull used this time to bring attention to women's issues, including the right to vote. Undaunted by the fact that women could not vote and that she was not ye t old enough to legally become president, Woodhull traveled the country campaigning. Her speeches not only advocated the vote, but also birth ontrol, â€Å"free love,† and other positions that were a century ahead of her time.Many listeners were surprised to find themselves more sympathetic than they had expected: her beauty, soft voice, and reasoned arguments took the edge off of such shocking statements as her belief that marriage was â€Å"legalized prostitution. † Woodhull and her sister, Tennie C. , were in Jail, however, when the 1872 presidential election occurred. Because they wanted to draw attention to the era's hypocrisy on sexual matters, their newspaper published the facts about an adulterous affair between the nationally popular Rev. Henry Ward Beecher and a leader of the women's movement, Elizabeth Tilton.It was true, but not politically correct, and the sisters were indicted for both libel and obscenity. The charges eventually were dropped, but the scan dal was enough to end Woodhull's presidential aspirations, as she spent election day in Jail. Belva Lockwood- Belva Ann Bennett McNall Lockwood was a self-made woman who adopted bold positions in support of equal opportunity for women. She lived her life fighting to ensure that women had the same opportunities as their male counterparts, both by xample and in her law practice.Lockwood was set to graduate from law school in 1873, but was notified that she would not receive her degree. She appealed to President Ulysses S. Grant and he intervened on her behalf. Later she refused to take no for an answer again when she lobbied Congress for the right to argue in front of the federal courts and helped get the bill passed in 1879. She also Joined the National Women's Suffrage Association (NWSA) lecture circuit, which made her money and gave her recognition.She would upset the NWSA, though, with her decision to un as a presidential candidate for the National Equal Rights Party in 1884. Susa n B. Anthony and others felt that Lockwood's decision was self-serving and distracting from their greater mission, but she saw it as a way to bring attention to women as genuine citizens. Although always a fringe group, the party had its strongest support in Calitornia, where San Franciscan Marie tta Stowe served as the vice- presidential nominee.The party's platform was not Just limited to feminism: it included positions on foreign affairs, civil service reform, and other issues, including n innovative proposal for federalization of family law. The Lockwood/Stowe ticket won Just over 4,000 votes in six states, but Lockwood was not discouraged and ran again in 1888. â€Å"Women should not merely talk about what needed to be done†, she said, â€Å"but should do it†. Margaret Chase Smith- Margaret Chase Smith served 32 years in Congress and was the first woman elected to both the House and Senate.Although a champion for women's issues, she was always clear about being se en as a U. S. Senator and not a woman Senator. In 1964, she became the first credible female candidate for president. Unlike her predecessors, she had legislative experience. A liberal Republican closely associated with her native state of Maine, Margaret Madeline Chase was born to a blue-collar Skowhegan family in 1897. Her entry into politics began when her employer suggested that she be added to the Skowhegan Town Committee.She still was carrying out traditional wifely duties, however, as this helped husband, Clyde Smith, be elected the U. S. House in 1936. She moved to Washington and served as his aide, doing research on pending bills and assisting with speeches. When Clyde died in 940, Margaret won the special election to succeed him, and three months later, Maine voters elected her to the first of four full House terms. Smith moved up to the Senate in 1948, defeating both Maine's current governor and a former governor.Her 1960 re-election was a milestone for women, as it was t he first time that two women were nominated for a U. S. Senate seat: Smith easily defeated Democratic nominee Lucia Cormier. Nationally respected by 1964, Smith ran for president. Most states did not yet conduct primaries, but she ran credibly in those that did, and won the votes f 27 delegates at the Republican National Convention that nominated the more conservative Barry Goldwater. At 66, ageism Joined sexism as a factor in her loss.She was not credited for her greater experience; instead pundits speculated about whether Senator Smith was menopausal. Her point that â€Å"l haven't seen the age played up in the case of the men candidates† was in vain. Patsy Takemoto Mink- Patsy Takemoto Mink was the first woman of color to serve in the United States Congress, but it was the work that she did there that should be remembered. Mink epresented many groups that, prior to her election, had been absent from national politics, working tirelessly to serve women, minorities and the p oor.She brought attention to issues that others ignored. Takemoto learned first-hand that she could not take citizenship and the promise of the U. S. Constitution for granted: her family was put under surveillance after the attacks on Pearl Harbor, and her father was taken from their home for interrogation. Like most Hawaiians of Japanese descent, the Takemotos were not sent to an internment camp, but the awareness that most ainland Japanese Americans were incarcerated was an important factor in Patsy's development.She graduated from law school in 1951, however no Chicago law firms wou d hire her, which sne initially thought was due to her ethnicity, but her gender and married status were also negative factors. Instead of allowing herself to be defeated, she and her husband moved to Hawaii. She opened her own law practice, becoming the first female Japanese-American lawyer in Hawaii. Active in the territorys Democratic Party, she also was a founder of the Young Democrats of America. This led to her election to the Territorial House of Representatives in 1956 and to the Hawaii Senate in 1958.

Anti-Globalization different

â€Å"Globalization† means different things to many people.   Some think of it positively, while others don’t.   Some view it with hope and confidence, others with fear, sometimes with hostility.Globalization, according to the definition of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), is a historical process, the result of human innovation and technological process.   It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly trade and financial flows.The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders† (IMF Staff, 2002).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A more simplistic definition of globalization refers to it as the â€Å"process of increasing the connectivity and interdependence of the world's markets and businesses† (Investor Words, 2007).   Such a process has sped up dramatically in the last two decades as technological advances make it easier for people to travel, communicate, and do business globally.Globalization is not entirely a new concept.   Analysts argued that the world economy became global as early as during the height of the rivalry between Spain and Portugal for world supremacy in the 15th Century.   Commerce and financial services are just far more developed and deeply entrenched now than they were at that time because of the availability of modern electronic communication.Moreover, commerce and trade among countries have been simplified with the establishment in 1995 of the World Trade Organization, a powerful international body composed of 150 countries, mandated to mediate trade disputes among member nations.While the WTO is relatively young, its trading system is over half a century old because its predecessor was the General Agreement on Tariff and Tax (GATT) which was founded in 1948.   The old GATT evolved through several rounds of negotiation until it was renamed into the present WTO with expanded powers and respons ibilities that now cover trade in services and traded inventions, creations, and designs – collectively known as intellectual property.Officials of   IMF, World Bank and WTO have high hopes for globalization to improve the impoverished lives of people across the globe, particularly those from Africa.  They take credit for the improvement of Third World economies, including that of India, in recent years.   Developed countries such as the United States, EU, Japan, and Canada have bonded together to collectively endorse trade globalization through the WTO as a means to liberalize trade   (IMF Staff, 2000).Unfortunately not everyone is happy with globalization, particularly developing countries.   Some view the WTO with distrust and have rejected it altogether.   Others with suspicion and misgiving, but joined it nevertheless as a necessary evil.   They feel globalization is the handiwork of multinational companies out to dictate their terms to the hapless Third Wo rld.In general, those who oppose globalization as institutionalized by the WTO, World Bank, and other similar institutions, believe that it undermines the sovereign will of poor and developing countries in favor of multinational corporations from developed countries. They claim that corporations are given too much privilege to move freely across borders, extracting desired natural resources from poor countries and claiming them as their â€Å"intellectual property.†For example, a multinational company could secure a certain plant or organism with medicinal value endemic to a particular country and claim to own it under the rules of intellectual property.Because of the stringent, or rather lopsided, rules on intellectual property rights by the WTO in favor of multinational companies, countries are becoming more and more subservient to multinational pharmaceutical companies for the treatment of dreaded diseases like AIDs.Despite the availability of cheaper generic drugs, many c ountries in Africa stricken with the AIDS pandemic are unable to secure them â€Å"because countries must jump through multiple hoops to prove they are truly in need, unable to afford patented drugs and incapable of producing the medicines domestically. Meanwhile, there is no guarantee that there will be a sufficient supply of drugs for them to buy, since the deal also puts up hurdles for countries wanting to export† (Klein, 2001).Poor agricultural countries are likewise at the losing end of the bargain in so far as globalization is concerned.   Aside from their access to cheap agricultural inputs, including mechanized equipment, developed countries provide heavy subsidies not just in terms in farm inputs but also in terms export subsidies that make their agricultural products more attractive on the international market.Farm products such as vegetables, beef, and poultry are practically being dumped in poorer countries at prices that cause declines in the agricultural secto r of many developing nations.â€Å"The current inequities of the global trading system are being perpetuated rather than resolved under the WTO, given the unequal balance of power between member countries, according to Jean Ziegler, UN Special rapporteur on the Right to Food† (Wikipedia, 2007).   Such inequality is evident in the refusal of the United States to sign and honor the Tokyo Protocol, which compels countries to reduce the use of fossil fuel to reduce global warming, and still get away with it.Using their rights as WTO members and drawing support from the academe and non-government organizations, insider critics of the International Property Rights have openly criticized trade liberation as a bad policy that â€Å"move money from people in developing countries† (Intellectual Property Rights, Wikipedia).  Ã‚   They have demonstrated their opposition to many WTO policies in various fora, including mass rallies and demonstrations during important WTO meeting s.The first international anti-globalization protest was organized simultaneously in many cities around the world on June 18, 1999.   The movement was called the Carnival Against Capitalism, or J18 for short.  Ã‚   The day was marked by organizers as an international of protest to coincide with the 25th G8 Summit in Koln, Germany.   The protest in Eugene, Oregon turned into a riot when rallyists drove the police out of a small park.The second major mobilization of the anti-globalization movement was held on November 30, 1999, and was known as N30.   It is by far the most unsettling protest action against globalization, with protesters blocking delegates’ entrance to the WTO meetings in Seattle, USA.The protesters and Seattle riot police clashed in the streets after police fired tear gas at demonstrators who blocked the streets and refused to disperse. Over 600 protesters were arrested and thousands were injured.The protest movement was inextricably anti-globalization and anti-multinational corporation (MNC), but was unclear over the alternatives and new directions it wished to offer.   Nevertheless, the movement,   including the less eventful A16 Movement in Washington D.C., cannot be ignored as it spelled out in no uncertain terms the widespread anguish about the direction that globalization has taken and a sense of loss of democratic control by developing countries over their options.The protest also demonstrated lack of faith in the legitimacy of international institutions to objectively mediate trade disputes among nations because of a perceived notion that rules are loaded in favor developed countries.The protest movement debunks First World perception that it has the answers to problems being encountered by their Third World neighbors over issues of trade, health, food supply, poverty, environment, etc.  Ã‚   It does not, especially given our global history of abuse by wealthy nations to amass wealth and power at the expenses of poor er nations.BIBLIOGRAPHYBarnet, Richard J. & Ronald E. Muller. 1974. Global Reach: The Power of the Multinational Corporations. New York: Simon and Schuster.Berry, Jeffrey M. 1999. The New Liberalism: The Rising Power of Citizen Groups.Washington: The Brookings Institution.Gill, Stephen. 2000. Towards a Postmodern Prince? The Battle in Seattle as a Moment in the New Politics of Globalization. Millennium, 29(1): 131-40.IMF Staff. 2000.   Globalization:   Threat or Opportunity?Investor Words. 2007.   Globalization.Kanbur, Ravi. 2001. Economic Policy, Distribution and Poverty: The Nature of Disagreements. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University.Keohane, Robert. O and Joseph S. Nye. 1977 Power and Interdependence: WorldPolitics in Transition. Boston: Little Brown.Klein, Naomi. 2001. No Logo. New York: Picador.Lichbach, Mark I and Paul Almeida. 2001 â€Å"Global Order and Local Resistance: TheNeoliberal Institutional Trilemma and the Battle of Seattle.† Working Paper: Universityof C alifornia, Riverside, February 26.   

Word Choice Me, Myself and I - Proofread My Papers Academic Blog

Word Choice Me, Myself and I - Proofread My Papers Academic Blog Word Choice: Me, Myself and I Unlike Me, Myself and Irene, the terrible Jim Carrey movie, the words â€Å"me,† â€Å"myself† and â€Å"I† all have important roles to play in the modern world. Specifically, â€Å"me,† â€Å"myself† and â€Å"I† are all singular first person pronouns (i.e., words we use when referring to ourselves). However, people often get confused about these terms, especially the word â€Å"myself,† so we’ve prepared this guide on how they should be used. I (Subject) and Me (Object) The difference between â€Å"I† and â€Å"me† is that â€Å"I† is refers to the subject of a sentence and â€Å"me† is used when the speaker is the object of a sentence. In a complete sentence, the subject acts upon an object. For instance: Jim punched Pete. Here, â€Å"Jim† is the subject, â€Å"punched† is the verb (i.e., the action performed), and â€Å"Pete† is the object of the sentence. If we were going to use a first person pronoun in the same sentence, we would have to use â€Å"I† in place of the subject: I punched Pete. âÅ"“ Or â€Å"me† in place of the object: Jim punched me. âÅ"“ If we tried to do this the other way round, the sentence would be grammatically incorrect: Me punched Pete. âÅ"â€" Jim punched I. âÅ"â€" This is why it’s essential to remember the difference between the subject and object of a sentence. Myself (Reflexive Object or Emphasis) The primary use of â€Å"myself† is to refer to yourself reflexively, such as when the speaker refers back to themselves as an object in a sentence: I can see myself achieving great things in Hollywood. In the example above, the speaker (the subject of the sentence) is talking about themselves, so they are the object of the sentence too. The use of â€Å"myself† indicates this reflexivity. Talking about yourself constantly is standard in Hollywood, so the reflexive pronoun is very useful. Another use of â€Å"myself† is to emphasize one’s achievement or involvement in something: I did all the hard work myself! In this example, using â€Å"myself† stresses that the individual effort of the person speaking. A Common Mistake The most frequent mistake made regarding â€Å"myself† is to use it in place of â€Å"I† or â€Å"me† simply because it sounds more formal. Typically, this occurs when a sentence mentions more than one person: Jim and myself are going to the movies. âÅ"â€" If you hear from Pete, let myself and Jim know. âÅ"â€" Neither of these sentences are reflexive. In the first, â€Å"myself† is used in place of the subject. In the second, it’s used in place of the object. As such, they should read: Jim and I are going to the movies. âÅ"“ If you hear from Pete, let me and Jim know. âÅ"“ To test whether â€Å"myself† is correct in a sentence like this, it can help to rephrase it without the second person. For example, both of the following sound obviously wrong: Myself is going to the movies. âÅ"â€" If you hear from Pete, let myself know. âÅ"â€" We can therefore tell that we should use â€Å"I† and â€Å"me† respectively in these sentences, not â€Å"myself.†

Babylonia and the Law Code of Hammurabi

Babylonia and the Law Code of Hammurabi Babylonia (roughly, modern southern Iraq) is the name of an ancient Mesopotamian empire known for its math and astronomy, architecture, literature, cuneiform tablets, laws and administration, and beauty, as well as excess and evil of Biblical proportions. Control of Sumer-Akkad Since the area of Mesopotamia near where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers emptied into the Persian Gulf had two dominant groups, the Sumerians, and Akkadians, it its to as Sumer-Akkad. As part of an almost endless pattern, other people kept trying to take control of the land, mineral resources, and trade routes. Eventually, they succeeded. Semitic Amorites from the Arabian Peninsula gained control over most of Mesopotamia by about 1900 B.C. They centralized their monarchical government over the city-states just north of Sumer, in Babylon, formerly Akkad (Agade). The three centuries of their domination is known as the Old Babylonian period. The Babylonian King-God Babylonians believed the king held power because of the gods; moreover, they thought their king was a god. To maximize his power and control, a bureaucracy and centralized government were established along with the inevitable adjuncts, taxation, and involuntary military service. Divine Laws The Sumerians already had laws, but they were administered jointly by individuals and the state. With a divine monarch came divinely inspired laws, violation of which was an offense to the state as well as the gods. The Babylonian king (1728-1686 B.C.) Hammurabi codified the laws in which (as distinct from the Sumerian) the state could prosecute on its own behalf. The Code of Hammurabi is famous for demanding punishment to fit the crime (the lex talionis, or an eye for an eye) with different treatment for each social class. The Code is thought to be Sumerian in spirit but with a Babylonian inspired harshness. The Babylonian Empire and Religion Hammurabi also united the Assyrians to the north and the Akkadians and Sumerians to the south. Trade with Anatolia, Syria, and Palestine spread Babylonian influence further. He further consolidated his Mesopotamian empire by building a network of roads and a postal system. In religion, there wasnt much change from Sumer/Akkad to Babylonia. Hammurabi added a Babylonian Marduk, as chief god, to the Sumerian pantheon. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a Babylonian compilation of Sumerian tales about a legendary king of the city-state of Uruk, with a flood story. When, in the reign of Hammurabis son, the horse-back invaders known as the Kassites, made incursions into Babylonian territory, the Babylonians thought it punishment from the gods, but they managed to recover and stayed in (limited) power until the beginning of the 16th century B.C. when the Hittites sacked Babylon, only to withdraw later because the city was too distant from their own capital. Eventually, the Assyrians suppressed them, but even that was not the end of the Babylonians for they rose again in the Chaldean (or Neo-Babylonian) era from 612-539 made famous by their great king, Nebuchadnezzar.

Differentiating for Learning Profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Differentiating for Learning Profile - Essay Example Also, other ways include verbalizing the content, creating logical understanding, kinesthetic understanding, interpersonal understanding, intrapersonal understanding and, finally, naturalizing the content (Mulligan, 2005). These are just some of the broad ways students can be grouped in classes. With regards to students who understand the content through creating rhythms, educators should encourage them to sing what they are taught or create a beat about the content (Mulligan, 2005). Also, creating cheers, jingles and humming sounds will enable a student to remember what he or she was taught. Students who understand what they are taught through verbalizing the content could be encouraged to read it, spell the content, write it and listen to content. Students who, on the other hand, understand the content through visualizing it should be offered graphic organizers, color codes, videos or charts in order to understand the content fully. Students who kinesthetically understand things sh ould be encouraged to role-play the content (Mulligan, 2005). This is through assuming that the student is, in fact, the content being discussed. Finally, a student who understands the content through naturalizing it should label the content. They should also categorize the content and identify it (Mulligan, 2005). ... Others speak English as a second language while some may be talented and gifted. Still others might struggle with mental, physical, emotional or behavioral challenges. It is, therefore, vital to plan a classroom that can incorporate all these types of students (Rose & Meyer, 2006). In order for educators to create a classroom that incorporates all types of students, it is essential for them to use interactive whiteboards in their classrooms. Interactive whiteboards are specially designed to engage a broad variety of learners in the learning process. Interactive whiteboards support all of the three principles and philosophies of universal learning (Rose & Meyer, 2006). Interactive whiteboards offer teachers or educators numerous ways of presenting information, to their students, using interactive images, text, video files and sound and, hence, engage a wide range of learners. Students or learners can use the same elements of the product to reveal their understanding of the content. To uch-sensitive boards particularly offer numerous options for interacting with displayed content, including finger, pen tool and other object (Rose & Meyer, 2006). Furthermore, interactive whiteboards captivate students of the digital age. This is because interactive whiteboards increase a student’s time and access to digital resources. This technique ensures that students, no matter the duration of the lesson, understand everything that is taught. This is because it offers all the techniques that diverse students use in understanding (Rose & Meyer, 2006). Furthermore, interactive whiteboards will assist students understand matters even better as it used all the techniques of teaching. Question 3 Educators recognize

Business, government and society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Business, government and society - Essay Example In the global context, the use of genetically modified crops has increased tremendously since its first commercial plantings in the late 1990s. By the end of 2012, the study has shown that around 12% of the world’s arable is being used for growing genetically modified crops (Baker and Burnham, 2001). The US government has even embraced the use of biotechnology for the purpose of developing a food system as the ‘silver bullet’. The global population has already crossed 6 billion and experts predict that the figure will actually double in the next 50 years. Therefore ensuring an adequate food supply is the foremost activity and is probably going to become one of the global challenges. As a result of that it is not only adjudged as the way to help farmers earn handsome profit, but at the same time this is the only feasible way to feed the growing global population. However, despite of its growing importance and high acceptance the industry is characterized by immense turbulence. According to a number of publications, genetically modified foods negatively impacts human body and hence can be a reason for various diseases. Echoing the same another set of scholars has highlighted in the fact that genetically modified foods hardly have any nutritional value and therefore has minimal ability to proffer the required nutritional benefits. Ironically, few authors claim that the significance of genetically modified food in the nutritional health of a human being is subject of debate. According to them, genetically modified foods are contemporary and so new that drawing a conclusion about how it actually impacts the human body is not possible (Caswell and Mojduszka, 1996). One of the evident negative factors from the business context is that the process is expensive and thus farmers or the end consumers often need to pay much higher prices (Christensen, 2003). Inadequate knowledge and awareness among the farmers is also a cause of concern for the growth o f this industry. Therefore from an overall discussion and analysis of the facts, it seems that with proper management, proper treatment of seeds, adequate investment and support from the government of respective countries, the genetically modified food industry could well stand out as one of the most vibrant industries of the world and can act as a solution for the future towards managing the food demand (Moore, 2001). This report seeks to throw light on the emergence and development of this industry in relationship with technological

Financial Markets and institutions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Markets and institutions - Assignment Example March 16 saw an even worse situation in which economic data of the US painted a dismal outlook for the economy. Whole sales prices were seen increasing more than expected, while a lower than expected demand in the housing sector pushed the investors over the edge and panic selling took place. Investors sought sanctuary in US Treasuries instead of the stocks. Another key factor that lowered the stock index was the fact that option prices jumped up by 21% given the situation in Japan. However, the index saved grace and climbed up by almost 2.2% in the following two days, owing to the fact that G& offered their assistance in helping to control the Japanese fiasco. At the same time, the US manufacturing sector registered steady growth figures which boosted the S&P index. Another key factor was that investors displayed a slightly higher risk appetite and this saw Treasuries going down as yields rose to 3.26% from 3.19%. The most primary determinant of any index is the economic outlook of the region. S&P was highly influenced by the economic data that was coming forth. The disaster in Japan nudged the fact that US imports from the region would suffer. This could cause production issues in the US, which depended on machinery and raw material from Japan. Furthermore, the economic indicators such as inflationary pressure and weak demand elucidated the fact that the GDP growth would slow down. These assumptions triggered the rise in US treasuries which were seen as a safe haven. Oil prices not only raised the energy costs in US, but also created a sense of dread in OMCs’ who were at risk of supply shocks. Investors offloaded these stocks, judging that the P/E measures would drop due to lower earning concerns. Present valuation of future cash flows, or rather the ability to generate future cash flows was the major determinant in the decline and the rise in the market during this week. As mentioned above, the rise in manufacturing growth suggested that the sector wo uld show positive returns, hence the market jumped up. International support for the Japanese boosted sentiments that their production capacity would soon normalize. Investors took this as a positive sign and the S&P 500 gained ground on this. The economic theory apart from present value of cash flows which applies to the S&P’s fluctuation is the inflation development. If inflation persists, then monetary tightening could occur. Any hike in interest rates would hurt economic growth, and such sentiments can cause a decline in the indices. As mentioned earlier, the biggest determinant of price movements of stock indices are the economic indicators and expectations of these indicators. If expectations lead to believe that there will be a positive change, then the prices of these indices will jump up. The flip side of the coin is that if sentiments perceive the market factors to be unfavorable, then a downward spiral can ensue. Financial Crisis 2008-11 Introduction The global fin ancial crisis which started in early 2007 has proven to be perhaps the great financial catastrophe in history. Although it traces its roots back to the starting of the millennia, the subsequent meltdown was most gruesome over the past 3 years. What began as a crisis of the sub-prime mortgage market in the United States quickly transcended national borders and developed into an

Telephone Conversation Essay Example for Free

Telephone Conversation Essay Telephone Conversation, by Wole Soyinka is about racism; more specifically, it is about the way people both white and black fail to communicate clearly about matters of race. The narrator of the poem describes a telephone conversation in which he reaches a deal with a landlady to rent an apartment. He feels that he must let her know that he is black: Nothing remained But self-confession. Madam, I warned,I hate a wasted journey—I am African. This is where the lapses in communication begin. The landladys first response is, Silence. Silenced transmission of / Pressurized good breeding. She next asks the ridiculous question, How Dark? Are  you  light/or  very  dark? The narrator is dumbfounded. Instead of telling her, â€Å"Its none of your business†, or simply, â€Å"Lets forget about the apartment†, he offers a cryptic response: â€Å"West African sepia. † When the landlady asks for clarification, the narrator only confuses matters further: â€Å"Facially, I am brunette, but, madam, you should see The rest of me. Palm of my hand, soles of my feet Are a peroxide blond. He makes matters even worse by saying that friction has somehow turned his buttocks raven black. This poem uses a lot of irony and sarcasm. The poet mainly uses irony in three places. The first tone of irony is sensed when the man confesses that he is an African. When describing the lady, the poet uses a lot of sarcastic language. Irony is lastly used when the man describes himself to the woman. The last line of the poem also leaves a sense of mystery in the reader. Wole Soyinka brings out a great use of irony in this poem. In this poem, the narrator is describe being genuinely apologetic for his skin color, even though he has no reason to be sorry for something which he was born with and has no control over. we can also see that the narrator is an intelligent person by his use of high diction and quick wit. The landlady is also describe as racist. The poem reminds me of the Bible verse: Do to other what you would have them to you, Luke 6:31. If you want to be annoyed, then annoy other people, like in the poem the landlady was the first to annoy the narrator and in the end the narrator annoy the landlady.

Nursing Research Article Critique Essay example -- Healthcare Nursing

The development of knowledge requires a number of processes in order to establish credible data to ensure the validity and appropriateness of how it can be used in the future. For the healthcare industry, this has provided the ability to create and form new types of interventions in order to give adequate care across a of number of fields within the system. Research then, has been an essential part in providing definitive data, either by disproving previous beliefs or confirming newly found data and methods. Moreover, research in itself contains its own process with a methodological approach. Of the notable methods, quantitative research is often used for its systemic approach (Polit & Beck, 2006). Thus, the use of the scientific method is used, which also utilizes the use of numerical data (Polit & Beck). Here, researches make use of creating surveys, scales, or placing a numerical value on it subjects (Polit & Beck). In the end the resulting data is neutral and statistical. Howeve r, like all things its approach is not perfect, yet, it has the ability to yield valuable data. Summary of Critiqued Article For nursing, research has played a major role in the way clinical practice is done. Research has allowed nurses to provide appropriate care to patients. It allows them to perform their job by providing them the tools and information they need in order to make the decisions on the concerns for caring the patient (Polit & Beck, 2006). Moreover, research can also take focus on the workers themselves in order to improve the practice both on a professional and personal level. An example of a study conducted by King, Vidourek, and Schweibert of University of Cincinnati created a study to determine if there is a correlation between ... ...nce in the outcomes for many. Knowledge grants others the ability to fulfill their duties across a spectrum of fields and for nurses; it allows them to make decision that can improve the outcome of patient's health. Nurses are a vital backbone to the healthcare system and through research they are able to continue to expand their roles, knowledge, and abilities on a professional and personal level. References King, K. A., Vidourek, R., & Schwiebert, M. (2009). Disordered eating and job stress among nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 17, 861-869. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.nu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=5&hid=108&sid=56ec0737-792e-4eac-aad7-1ce285824dce%40sessionmgr115 Polit, D., & Beck, C. (2006). Essentials of nursing research: appraising evidence for nursing practice (7th ed.). Phildelphia: Lippencott Wilkins & Williams.

Analysis of Sonnet 116 N

Analysis of sonnet 116 by william shakespeare and sonnet 29 bu edna st vincent millay Let me not to the marriage of true mindsLet me not declare any reasons why two Admit impediments. Love is not loveTrue-minded people should not be married. Love is not love Which alters when it alteration finds,Which changes when it finds a change in circumstances, Or bends with the remover to remove:Or bends from its firm stand even when a lover is unfaithful: O no! it is an ever-fixed markOh no! it is a lighthouseThat looks on tempests and is never shaken;That sees storms but it never shaken; It is the star to every wandering bark,Love is the guiding north star to every lost ship, Whose worth's unknown, although his height be taken. Whose value cannot be calculated, although its altitude can be measured. Love's not Time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeksLove is not at the mercy of Time, though physical beauty Within his bending sickle's compass come:Comes within the compass of his sickle. Love al ters not with his brief hours and weeks,Love does not alter with hours and weeks, But bears it out even to the edge of doom.But, rather, it endures until the last day of life. If this be error and upon me proved,If I am proved wrong about these thoughts on love I never writ, nor no man ever loved. Then I recant all that I have written, and no man has ever [truly] loved. Sonnet 116 is about love in its most ideal form. It is praising the glories of lovers who have come to each other freely, and enter into a relationship based on trust and understanding. The first four lines reveal the poet's pleasure in love that is constant and strong, and will not â€Å"alter when it alteration finds. The following lines proclaim that true love is indeed an â€Å"ever-fix'd mark† which will survive any crisis. In lines 7-8, the poet claims that we may be able to measure love to some degree, but this does not mean we fully understand it. Love's actual worth cannot be known – it remain s a mystery. The remaining lines of the third quatrain (9-12), reaffirm the perfect nature of love that is unshakeable throughout time and remains so â€Å"ev'n to the edge of doom†, or death. In â€Å"Pity Me Not,† Millay uses the cyclical forces of nature as a metaphor for her version of the cycle of love, a version that concludes a an’s love for a woman always ends. Her comparison, however, becomes paradoxical as she moves from the rational mind to the emotional heart. The first stanza begins immediately with her rational comparisons of nature to love. In the first two lines she looks at the sunset and one is reminded of the warmth love brings to life. A warmth that naturally fades as love dies. Next, she moves to beauty and the aging process. Unfortunately as women get older, American society often considers their beauty lost just as flowers wither as winter approaches. Millay seems to assume that men cannot love if the woman has no beauty left. The waning o f the moon† can easily refer to the loss of romance and passion, since moonlight is often considered a sensuous setting. Finally, â€Å"the ebbing of the tide† washes away any remnants of the romance. Passion’s tide will only go lower and lower from this point. Millay finishes the octave directly tying love to nature. Up to this point, love has not been explicitly addressed. Finally, she gets to the thrust of the poem, â€Å"Nor that a man’s desire is hushed so soon, and you no longer look on love with me. † It is clear in this octave that Millay looks at the passing of love, the end of men’s desire, as a natural part of life.She seems resigned to it. She accepts it and declares, â€Å"Pity me not† the loss of these precious things, for there is nothing else which could happen. With the tone of the octave, she clearly does not sound so much as a â€Å"tormented lover† as she does someone who has become completely jaded to love a ltogether. The torment is long finished. As is common in many sonnets, the sestet introduces a new tone, a new twist to the narrative. In line 9, she tells us directly that she indeed has gone through these stages of love enough to become resigned to the inevitable: â€Å"This love I have known always: love is no more. It is with line 10 that the tone of the poem twists to something totally conflicting with the octave. Lines 10-12 all compare the ending of love to natural events that are clearly not cyclical or expected at all. Passages such as â€Å"the wide blossom which the wind assails† or â€Å"the great tide that treads the shifting shore strewing fresh wreckage gathered in the gales† reveal that she is not at all calm over the ending of love. The imagery throughout this section is violent.It is as if she is the wide blossom assailed; that the shifting shore is her foundation, her emotions being eroded; that the wind is now no longer a natural, common wind but a gale! Probably the most effective word that demonstrates these bad feelings is â€Å"wreckage. † The term is the only man-made noun in the entire poem, a term that is not natural at all. The vision of boats being mangled and ripped in a storm quickly comes to mind. She clearly seems to see herself as the â€Å"fresh wreckage† in the midst of a grand emotional storm. A question now arises in the reader’s mind at the conclusion of line 12.If the ending of love is rational and expected, why have this outburst of torture and torment? The couplet holds the answer. As typical in so many sonnets, the couplet ends with a surprise and a tying together of all the elements of the poem above it. In the octave Millay asks her readers not to pity her the ending of love, as it is simply a natural occurrence in her spoiled view. In the couplet she gets to the point of her real pain. â€Å"Pity me that the heart is slow to learn what the swift mind beholds at every turn. † Now she is clearly asking for sympathy. She knows that love will end.She watches it happen time and time again around her, but she laments that she still feels pain in her heart. She feels she is smarter than that but still she succumbs to her emotions. Pity her her broken heart. Period. Thus, the octave is a representation of her mind, her rationalizing assumption that relationships cannot naturally work. The sestet’s quatrain represents the pain, the emotional violence that still emerges despite all of her rationalizations. That revelation is the paradox. The ending of love is not cyclically expected as is the sunset or the waning of the moon — at least not in her heart where it matters the most. Pity Me Not† was written in 1923, a period characterized by poets consistently examining their psyches. Edna St. Vincent Millay continued this study of her â€Å"worthlessness† throughout most of this time. Before 1923, she indeed lived through an amount of p ain and sadness. That year, however, was not a time to be glum or depressed, for 1923 was clearly one of the most joyous, important years in her life. It was the year she married a rather wealthy man, finally finding love while freeing herself from financial responsibilities, allowing her to devote all of her time to her art.It was the year she first became published in Europe, to a resounding success. It was also the year she won the Pulitzer Prize for poetry–only the second of its kind awarded (Atkins 93-147). No, 1923 was known as an exceptionally happy time for Millay, in her career and in romantic pursuits. Thus, the final paradox to be found in â€Å"Pity Me Not† is that she could, and did, find the love she thought she’d never find. The marraige lasted, disproving her theory that relationships naturally die.

Ob Robinssolutionchap2

Chapter 2 Foundations of Individual Behavior MULTIPLE CHOICE Ability 1. Which of the following statements is true about the term â€Å"ability†, as it is used in the field of organizational behavior? a. It refers to an individual’s willingness to perform various tasks. b. It is a current assessment of what an individual can do. c. It refers exclusively to intellectual skills. d. It refers exclusively to physical skills. e. It is a prediction of future aptitude based on current attitudes. (b; Moderate; Ability; p. 45) 2. Which one of the following words is the best synonym for â€Å"ability†, as the term is used in organizational behavior? . motivation b. capacity c. experience d. intellect e. wisdom (b; Challenging; Ability; p. 45) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 3. Which of the following is not a dimension of intellectual ability? a. number aptitude b. perceptual speed c. spatial visualization d. dynamic flexibility e. social aptitude (d; Moderate; Intellectual Ability ; p. 45) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 4. What is a factor of intelligence that suggests that it makes sense to talk about overall intelligence? a. general mental ability b. intelligent quotient c. ability d. cultural intelligence e. perceptual speed (a; Moderate; General Mental Ability; p. 6) 5. Which of the following is not one of the nine basic abilities involved in the performance of physical tasks? a. stamina b. dynamic flexibility c. speed d. body coordination e. trunk strength (c; Moderate; Nine Basic Physical Abilities; p. 47) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} Biographical Characteristics 6. Which of the following is not a biographical characteristic? a. political affiliation b. age c. sex d. tenure e. race (a; Easy; Biographical Characteristics; p. 48) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 7. What will be the largest demographic change in the U. S. workforce in the next decade? a. ncreasing ethnic diversity b. a fall in married workers c. increasing age of workers d. decreasing tenure of workers e. m ore women in the workforce than men (c; Moderate; Age; p. 48) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 8. Research shows that which of the following is likely to decrease as a worker grows older? a. productivity b. likelihood of quitting c. absenteeism d. vacation days taken e. work ethic (b; Moderate; Age; p. 49) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 9. Which of the following statements is true? a. Older employees have lower rates of avoidable absence than younger workers. b.Older employees have lower rates of unavoidable absence than younger workers. c. Older employees are more likely to quit their job than younger workers. d. Older employees are perceived to be more flexible than younger workers. e. Older employees generally have lower productivity than younger workers. (a; Moderate, Age; p. 49) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 10. Which of the following is true concerning the relationship between age and job satisfaction? a. Most studies have found a negative association between age and satisfaction. b. Some studies have found a U-shaped relationship between age and satisfaction. . Satisfaction decreases among professionals as they age. d. Satisfaction increases among nonprofessionals during middle age. e. Satisfaction decreases among nonprofessionals after middle age. (b; Moderate; Age; p. 49) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 11. Research does not support which of the following statements about gender in the workplace? a. Women are more willing to conform to authority than men. b. Men are more aggressive than women. c. Women are more productive at work than men. d. Men have higher expectations of success. e. Women have lower turnover rates than men. c; Moderate; Gender; p. 50) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 12. Research supports which of the following statements about men and women in the workplace? a. Men are more productive. b. Women are more productive. c. Men are the most receptive to socialization. d. Women are more likely to resign. e. Wome n have more absences. (e; Moderate; Gender; p. 50) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 13. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the higher absentee rate of women in the workplace? a. Women tend to have more illnesses that keep them from work than do men. . Traditionally, women have had the responsibility of caring for home and family. c. Women tend to be less satisfied with their jobs than men. d. Women generally have jobs for which a temporary replacement can be hired. e. Women tend to work in jobs that have less flexible schedules than men do. (b; Moderate; Gender; p. 50) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 14. Which of the following is a major problem in the use of ability tests for selection and promotion of personnel? a. The tests are not reliable. b. The tests fail to take into account the personality of the individual. c.Some individuals with high intelligence are poor test takers. d. Women enjoy an unfair advantage on these tests. e. The tests may have an adverse impact on different racial and ethnic groups. (e; Moderate; Race; p. 51) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 15. Which of the following statements concerning tenure is not true? a. Recent evidence demonstrates a positive relationship between seniority and job productivity. b. Tenure does not appear to be a good predictor of employee productivity. c. Tenure is a potent variable in explaining turnover. d. Tenure and satisfaction are positively related. . Tenure and organizational investment are negatively related. (b; Moderate; Tenure; p. 52) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 16. Studies indicate that which of the following tends to decrease with increased tenure? a. job satisfaction b. productivity c. absenteeism d. raises and promotion e. efficiency (c; Moderate; Tenure; p. 52) 17. Perhaps the greatest religious issue revolves around what? a. Christianity b. Judaism c. Catholicism d. Buddhism e. Islam (e; Moderate; Religion; p. 53) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 18. What F ortune 500 company offers domestic partner benefits for gay couples? . Wal-Mart b. Alltel c. Rubbermaid d. Nestle e. Heintz (a; Moderate; Sexual Orientation; p. 53) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} Learning 19. Which of the following indicates that learning has taken place? a. the ability to perform well on exams b. a change in motivation c. a change in behavior d. a high I. Q. score e. an increase in experience (c; Easy; Learning; p. 54) 20. Learning has not taken place in which of the following cases? a. A farm worker makes sure that she always wears a hat after she was badly sunburned. b. A salesman watches a training video and then uses some f the techniques in that video. c. An athlete trains rigorously, until he can run a mile in less than 4 minutes. d. A warehouseman avoids working by staying in areas of the warehouse where he has observed that the foreman does not enter. e. A manager only completes an important project by working through the night. (e; Moderate; Learning ; p. 54) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 21. All of the following are true about learning except that it _____. a. involves change b. can have a very short duration c. requires a change in behavior d. requires some form of experience e. affects aptitude b; Moderate; Learning; p. 54) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 22. A cashier starts greeting her customers with a simple â€Å"Hello† rather than following the company policy of greeting them with the standard greeting â€Å"Thank you for shopping with us†, since she find saying the latter slightly embarrassing. In this case, what is the experience that has led to learning? a. the feeling of embarrassment when she uses the standard company greeting b. the direction of the company to use the standard greeting c. the decision not to use the company greeting d. her use of the informal greeting of â€Å"Hello† . the decision of the company to adopt the standard greeting (a; Moderate; Learning; p. 54) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 23. Ex periments performed by Ivan Pavlov led to what theory? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. social learning d. method reproduction e. behavior shaping (a; Moderate; Classical Conditioning; p. 55) 24. What role did the meat play in Pavlov’s experiment with dogs? a. an unconditioned response b. a conditioned stimulus c. a conditioned response d. a reconditioned stimulus e. an unconditioned stimulus (e; Moderate; Classical Conditioning; p. 5) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 25. Classical conditioning would view which of the following as most likely to be a conditioned response? a. wincing when you stub your toe b. driving on the right side of the road c. flinching when startled by a loud noise d. looking for shelter when the sky turns gray e. mouth watering when you eat delicious food (d; Moderate; Classical Conditioning; p. 55) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 26. In Pavlov’s experiment, the bell was a/an _____. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. con ditioned stimulus d. conditioned response e. none of the above c; Easy; Classical Conditioning; p. 55) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 27. Which of the following is not true of classical conditioning? a. Classical conditioning is passive. b. Classical conditioning can explain simple reflexive behaviors. c. Learning a conditioned response involves building an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. d. A neutral stimulus takes on the properties of a conditioned stimulus. e. Classical conditioning is different in many respects from operant conditioning. (d; Moderate; Classical Conditioning; p. 55) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 28.When Joe gets stressed he often drinks chamomile tea. This calms him since he associates chamomile tea drinking with happy visits with his grandmother in his childhood. The calm feeling brought on by the tea is an example of which of the following? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. sensory learning d. social learning e. shaping (a; Easy; Classical Conditioning; p. 55) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 29. Why does classical conditioning theory fail to adequately describe behavior in the workplace? a. Most behavior of individuals in the workplace is reflexive rather than voluntary. b.Most behavior of individuals in the workplace is emitted rather than elicited. c. Most behavior of individuals in the workplace is complex. d. It is very difficult to determine exactly which conditioned stimulus elicits which response in the workplace. e. Classical conditioning works well describing animal behavior but not human behavior. (b; Challenging; Classical Conditioning; p. 56) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 30. Operant conditioning argues that _____. a. behavior is reflexive b. behavior is unlearned c. behavior is a function of its consequences d. the tendency to repeat a behavior is very strong e. he tendency to repeat a behavior is instinctual (c; Moderate; Operant Conditioning; p. 56) 31. Which of the following researcher s thought that reinforcement was the central factor involved in behavioral change? a. Pavlov b. Fayol c. Skinner d. Deming e. Surber (c; Moderate; Operant Conditioning; p. 56) 32. Stella has been late to work often in the past. Stella’s manager tries to change Stella’s behavior by praising her whenever she is on time. However, Stella realizes that this is what he is doing and resents his attempts to manipulate her behavior. This is an example of what problem with behaviorism and OB Mod? . Behaviorism and OB Mod assume that people’s thoughts and feelings in response to their environment are irrelevant. b. Behaviorism and OB Mod put undue emphasis on cognitive processes. c. Behaviorism and OB Mod only have an effect on human subjects when those subjects are unaware that these techniques are being used. d. The best reinforcement to use and the schedule on which it should be used varies widely between individual subjects. e. Behaviorism and OB Mod are based upon sim ple models of stimulus and response that may not hold true in a complex, real world environment. a; Challenging; Operant Conditioning; p. 56) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 33. Your boss does not follow through on her promise to pay you double for overtime hours worked. When asked again to work overtime, you decline. This is an application of _____ conditioning. a. classical b. operant c. sensory d. association e. disappointment-weighted (b; Challenging; Operant Conditioning; p. 56) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 34. According to operant conditioning, when a behavior is not reinforced, what happens to the probability of that behavior occurring again? a. It increases. b. It declines. c. It remains unchanged. . It becomes zero. e. It may increase or decrease based on other factors. (b; Easy; Operant Conditioning; p. 56) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 35. What do we call the view that we can learn both through observation and direct experience? a. situational learning theory b. classical learning c. soc ial learning theory d. hands-on learning experience e. the Pavlov principle (c; Easy; Social Learning; p. 57) 36. Social learning theory is an extension of _____. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. shaping d. Pavlovian theory e. continuous reinforcement principles (b; Moderate; Social Learning; p. 7) 37. Isadora observes that when her brother Mikey crosses the street without looking he is punished by their parents. Based on this, she is careful to look before she crosses the street. Isadora has learned through what principle? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. shaping d. extinction e. social learning theory (e; Challenging; Social Learning; p. 57) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 38. Social learning theory would best describe the learning in what situation? a. An employee works through lunch several days in a row after being told by her boss that she will receive extra pay. b.A man learns how to perform yoga by watching a videotape of a yoga teacher. c. A child always addresses his grandmother politely after he is given candy as a reward for his good manners. d. A man stops wearing brightly colored shirts to work after being teased for doing so by his co-workers. e. A postal worker’s pulse rate rises whenever she approaches a house where she has been bitten by a dog before. (b; Challenging; Social Learning; p. 57) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 39. Four processes have been found to determine the influence that a model will have on an individual. Which of the following is not one of those processes? . attentional processes b. retention processes c. motor reproduction processes d. reinforcement processes e. consequential processes (e; Moderate; Social Learning; pp. 57-58) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 40. Which of the following processes deals with how well an individual remembers a model’s action after it is no longer readily available? a. attitudinal b. retention c. motor reproduction d. reinforcement e. attention (b; Easy; Socia l Learning; p. 57) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 41. What do we call the practice of reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior? a. modeling b. haping c. classical conditioning d. social learning e. aping (b; Moderate; Shaping; p. 58) 42. You want to increase the productivity of an employee. Your goal is to have him produce 10 units per day. On the first day he produces 5 units and you give him a reward. On the second day he produces 5 units and you don’t give him a reward. On the third day he produces 6 units and you give him a reward. Which method of behavioral change are you using? a. modeling b. shaping c. classical conditioning d. social learning e. ego impairment (b; Challenging; Shaping; p. 58) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 43.Using shaping, which of the following is not a method that can be used to change behavior? a. negative reinforcement b. punishment c. counseling d. positive reinforcement e. extinction (c; Easy; Shaping; pp. 58-59) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 44. Which of the following can be used in shaping behavior? a. positive reinforcement b. diminishment c. reaction d. manipulation e. unionization (a; Easy; Shaping; p. 58) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 45. What is it called when a desired response is followed by the termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant? a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. anipulation d. elimination e. psychic withdrawal (a; Moderate; Negative Reinforcement; p. 58) 46. Suspending an employee for dishonest behavior is an example of which method of shaping behavior? a. extinction b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. poor planning e. reaction (c; Moderate; Punishment; p. 59) 47. Which of the following is an example of the use of extinction in shaping behavior? a. A teacher does not respond to any student who speaks before being called upon. b. A workplace institutes a zero-tolerance policy for drug and alcohol use. c. A manager docks the pay of all workers who arrive late. . A ca t owner sprays his cat with water every time it tries to sit on the couch. e. A soccer coach rewards his players with praise and small rewards if they prevent the other team from scoring. (a; Moderate; Extinction; p. 59) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 48. Which of the following statements about positive and negative reinforcement is not true? a. They both result in learning. b. They both strengthen a response and increase the probability of repetition. c. They tend to weaken behavior and decrease its subsequent frequency. d. They are effective shaping tools. e. They are often used in learning. c; Challenging; Methods of Shaping Behavior; p. 59) 49. An employee is frequently late for work. Every time he is not tardy the manager compliments him for being on time. What form of reinforcement is the manager using? a. continuous schedule b. negative c. intermittent schedule d. repetitious e. repetitious negative (a; Moderate; Continuous Reinforcement; p. 59) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 50. The cor porate audit staff makes a series of randomly timed, unannounced visits to a company office. On each visit they check the records to see that they are up to date and correct. These visits are an example of which of the ollowing? a. positive reinforcement b. variable-interval reinforcement schedule c. continuous reinforcement schedule d. fixed reinforcement schedule e. static response method (b; Moderate; Intermittent Reinforcement; p. 60) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 51. In which reinforcement schedule is a reward provided after a given number of responses? a. variable-ratio b. fixed-ratio c. variable-interval d. fixed-interval e. viable (b; Moderate; Intermittent Reinforcement; p. 60) 52. According to research, which of the following is a schedule of reinforcement that promotes the greatest resistance to extinction? a. continuous b. ixed interval c. variable interval d. fixed ratio e. negative (c; Moderate; Intermittent Reinforcement; p. 60) 53. In general, _____ reinforcement schedule s tend to lead to higher performance than _____ reinforcement schedules. a. variable; fixed b. fixed; intermittent c. fixed; variable d. variable; ratio e. fixed; static (a; Moderate; Intermittent Reinforcement; p. 60) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 54. The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting is referred to as _____. a. classical conditioning b. self-management c. reengineering d. OB Mod e. social modeling (d; Moderate; OB Mod; p. 2) 55. Which of the following is one of the steps of the problem-solving model followed by the typical OB Mod program? a. identifying critical behaviors b. reinforcing behavior c. developing horizontally arrayed data d. developing vertically arrayed data e. identifying member barriers (a; Moderate; OB Mod Steps; p. 62) 56. A manager wishes to use OB Mod in order to increase the friendliness of his staff towards customers. The manager starts by determining exactly what behaviors his sales staff needs to use in order to increas e their friendliness towards customers. What is the next step that the manager should take? . determine why employees are not friendly towards customers b. develop a strategy for increasing the friendliness of employees towards customers c. reward employees who are friendly towards customers d. record how often employees are friendly to customers at the present time e. establish what is needed to motivate employee friendliness towards customers (d; Moderate; OB Mod Steps; p. 62) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} Summary and Implications for Managers 57. Who said â€Å"Give me a child at birth and I can make him into anything you want†? a. B. F. Skinner b. Ivan Pavlov c. Sigmund Freud d.James Emery e. Ben Franklin (a; Moderate; Shaping Behavior; p. 66) TRUE/FALSE Ability 58. Everyone has strengths and weaknesses in terms of ability that make them relatively superior or inferior to others in performing certain tasks or activities. (True; Easy; Ability; p. 45) 59. Ability is the assessme nt of what one will do. (False; Easy; Ability; p. 45) 60. An individual’s overall abilities are essentially made up of three sets of factors: thinking, reasoning, and problem solving. (False; Moderate; Ability; p. 45) 61. A high I. Q. is a good prerequisite for all jobs. (False; Easy; Intelligent Quotient; p. 45) 62.It is illegal in the U. S. for employers to use I. Q. tests for employment selection. (False; Moderate; Intelligent Quotient; p. 45) 63. Stamina, dexterity, and strength are dimensions of physical ability. (True; Easy; Nine Basic Physical Abilities; p. 47) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 64. Individuals who have a high score on one dimension of physical ability will usually score high on all other dimensions. (False; Moderate; Physical Abilities; p. 47) Biographical Characteristics 65. Biographical data is easier to acquire than information on employee motivation levels. (True; Easy; Biographical Characteristics; p. 48) 66.Collecting biographical data is typically a very difficult task in organizations. (False; Easy; Biographical Characteristics; p. 48) 67. Personal characteristics that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records (such as age, sex, and marital status) are called biographical characteristics. (True; Easy; Biographical Characteristics; p. 48) 68. A person’s age is an example of a biographical characteristic. (True; Easy; Biographical Characteristics; p. 48) 69. The relationship between age and job performance is likely to be an issue of increasing importance during the next decade. (True; Moderate; Age; p. 8) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 70. Recent American legislation makes it easier for a company to enforce mandatory retirement. (False; Moderate; Age; p. 48) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 71. Mandatory retirement has become an increasingly rare phenomenon in organizations. (True; Moderate; Age; p. 48) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 72. Age and turnover rates are directly related. (True; Moder ate; Age; p. 49) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 73. Age and avoidable absences are negatively related. (True; Moderate; Age; p. 49) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 74. Worker’s productivity tends to decline with age. False; Moderate; Age; p. 49) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 75. Age and job satisfaction are related for professional workers. (True; Moderate; Age; p. 49) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 76. In general, woman and men desire the same work schedules. (False; Moderate; Gender; p. 50) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 77. There is no significant difference between the absenteeism rates of men and women. (False; Easy; Gender; p. 50) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 78. In employment settings, individuals tend to favor colleagues of their own race in performance evaluations, promotion decisions, and pay raises. True; Easy; Race; p. 51) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 79. Mental ability tests used for selection, promotion, training, an d similar personnel decisions may have a negative impact on racial and ethnic groups. (True; Challenging; Race; p. 51) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} 80. People who have been on a job longer are more productive than those with less seniority. (True; Moderate; Tenure; p. 52) 81. Tenure is negatively related to absenteeism. (True; Moderate; Tenure; p. 52) 82. Tenure is negatively related to turnover. (True; Moderate; Tenure; p. 52) 83.Tenure and satisfaction are negatively related. (False; Moderate; Tenure; p. 52) Learning 84. Learning has occurred when there is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. (True; Easy; Learning; p. 54) 85. One can easily observe others learning. (False; Easy; Learning; p. 54) 86. Classical conditioning grew out of the work of B. F. Skinner. (False; Moderate; Classical Conditioning; p. 55) 87. In Ivan Pavlov’s study, dogs salivated in response to a ringing bell. (True; Easy; Classical Conditioning; p. 55 ) 88. The meat in Pavlov’s experiment was an unconditioned stimulus. True; Moderate; Classical Conditioning; p. 55) 89. Learning a conditioned response involves building up an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. (True; Challenging; Classical Conditioning; p. 55) 90. To explain why Christmas carols often bring back pleasant memories of childhood, you would use operant conditioning. (False; Challenging; Classical Conditioning; p. 55) 91. Classical conditioning is passive. (True; Moderate; Classical Conditioning; p. 56) 92. Classical conditioning can explain simple reflexive behaviors. (True; Moderate; Classical Conditioning; p. 6) 93. Operant behavior means voluntary or learned behavior in contrast to reflexive or unlearned behavior. (True; Moderate; Operant Conditioning; p. 56) 94. What Pavlov did for operant conditioning, Skinner did for classical conditioning. (False; Challenging; Learning Theories; p. 56) 95. Rewards are most effective if they are delayed following the desired response. (False; Moderate; Operant Conditioning; p. 56) 96. Your supervisor has explained that he will reward those who take extra effort to see that their jobs are done well. This tactic follows from research into operant conditioning. True; Easy; Operant Conditioning; p. 56) 97. Learning through both observation and direct experience is called operant conditioning. (False; Easy; Social Learning; p. 57) 98. Older workers are not as capable of learning as younger employees. (False; Moderate; Age and Learning; p. 58) 99. Trainability is a measure of a person’s willingness to learn. (False; Moderate; Trainability; p. 58) 100. Reduced motivation has been found to significantly influence learning and training outcomes. (True; Moderate; Learning; p. 58) 101. Shaping occurs when we mold individuals by using intensive training to change their behavior quickly. False; Easy; Shaping; p. 58) 102. One method of shaping behavior is called positi ve reinforcement and occurs when a desired response is followed with something pleasant. (True; Moderate; Positive Reinforcement; p. 58) 103. Eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a behavior is called punishment. (False; Moderate; Extinction; p. 59) 104. Both positive and negative reinforcement result in learning. (True; Easy; Methods of Shaping Behavior; p. 59) 105. Both punishment and extinction weaken behavior and tend to decrease its subsequent frequency. (True; Moderate; Methods of Shaping Behavior; p. 59) 06. A continuous reinforcement schedule reinforces the desired behavior each time it is demonstrated. (True; Easy; Continuous Reinforcement; p. 59) 107. A piece-rate incentive plan is an example of a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement. (False; Moderate; Intermittent Reinforcement; p. 60) 108. Salespeople on commission are examples of individuals on a variable-ratio schedule. (True; Moderate; Intermittent Reinforcement; p. 60) 109. In the typical OB Mod progr am, everything an employee does on his or her job is equally important in terms of performance outcomes. (False; Moderate; OB Mod; p. 62) 110.The first step in OB Mod is to identify critical behaviors impacting the employee’s performance. (True; Moderate; OB Mod Steps; p. 62) 111. Our knowledge about learning suggests that punishment is a more effective tool in OB mod than reinforcement. (False; Moderate; OB Mod and Reinforcement Theory; p. 63) SCENARIO-BASED QUESTIONS Application of Biographical Characteristics You work in the air filter manufacturing business. Your division is made up of three other people with very different biographical characteristics. Gina is 27 years old, single and female. She has been with the company only six months.Jonathan is 63 years old and a widower who has been with the company for thirty years. Sally is a single mother with four children who has been with the company for five years. 112. Based on the information given, which employee would be least likely to quit his or her job? a. all these employees would have about the same likelihood of quitting b. Gina c. Jonathan d. Sally e. Gina and Sally (c; Moderate; Age; p. 48) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 113. Based on the information given, which employee would you expect to have the lowest rate of avoidable absence? a. ll these employees would have about the same rate of avoidable absence b. Sally c. Gina d. Jonathan e. Gina and Sally would probably have equally low rates (d; Moderate; Age; p. 48) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 114. Based on the information given, which employee would you expect to most desire the option to telecommute or arrange a more flexible work schedule? a. all these employees would have the same desire for these options b. Jonathan c. Sally d. Gina e. Gina and Sally (c; Moderate; Gender; p. 49) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} {AACSB: Analytic Skills}Application of Learning Theoryâ⠂¬â€Shaping Behavior You are the first-line supervisor for a group of employees who make cheese slicers. Their job is not terribly interesting or challenging and you have noticed that they are frequently tardy returning from their breaks. You have studied the concept of shaping behavior and decide that you will try to apply it to this situation. 115. You praise Allen for returning on time from break. This is an example of _____. a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. extinction d. social learning e. modeling (b; Moderate; Positive Reinforcement; p. 8) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 116. You want Allison to take an accounting course so that she can help with the bookkeeping. Allison does not want to go to night school to take the course and has been resisting. You know that her least favorite duty is preparing payroll. You tell her that she will be given extra help with preparing payroll whenever she takes an accounting class. This is an example of _____. a. positive reinf orcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. extinction e. classical conditioning (b; Challenging; Negative Reinforcement; p. 58) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 117.Sam is late coming back to work and you dock his pay. This is an example of _____. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. extinction e. classical conditioning (c; Moderate; Punishment; p. 59) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} Application of Different Schedules of Reinforcement You have decided to experiment with the relationship between reinforcement schedules and maintaining desired employee behavior. You are interested in observing the differences between continuous and intermittent reinforcement and between the various types of intermittent reinforcement schedules. 118.Veronica is paid $10. 00 per dozen units that she produces. This is an example of _____ reinforcement. a. intermittent, fixed-interval b. continuous c. intermittent, variable-interval d. negative e. none of the above (a; Challengin g; Intermittent Reinforcement; p. 60) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 119. Gerald is a staff accountant who is visited several times a year by the corporate auditor. These visits are unannounced. This is an example of _____reinforcement. a. intermittent, fixed-interval b. continuous c. intermittent, variable-interval d. negative e. reactive (c; Challenging; Intermittent Reinforcement; p. 0) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 120. John’s attendance has historically been unreliable and you have decided to use reinforcement and compliment him when his attendance record shows improvement. The most effective schedule of reinforcement will probably be _____. a. variable-interval intermittent b. fixed-interval intermittent c. continuous d. punishment-based e. shaped (a; Challenging; Intermittent Reinforcement; p. 60) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 121. You know that the reinforcement schedule that your firm chooses for compensation will have an impact on the behavior of employees.Which of the following is not likely based on available research? a. Continuous reinforcement schedules will lead to early satiation. b. Continuous reinforcement schedules are appropriate for newly emitted, unstable, or low-frequency responses. c. Variable schedules do not clearly link performance and rewards. d. Fixed schedules will lead to higher performance than variable schedules. e. Variable schedules will be highly effective. (d; Challenging; Reinforcement Schedules and Behavior; p. 60) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} Application of Behavior Modification Your manager has read about the now-classic study of Emery’s use of OB Mod.He was impressed by the savings to the company of $2 million over a three-year period. He has announced that he is implementing an OB Mod program at your organization. 122. You can expect to see the application of which of the following in the work setting? a. reinforcement concepts to individuals b. open book management c. additional stock option plans d. analysis of biographi cal characteristics e. higher health care benefits (a; Easy; OB Mod; p. 62) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 123. What is the first step that your manager is likely to take? a. identify behavioral consequences b. identify critical behaviors c. evaluate performance improvement . develop baseline data e. none of the above (b; Challenging; OB Mod Steps; p. 62) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 124. In the first step of the OB Mod program, your manager will most likely be attempting to identify those five to ten percent of behaviors that may account for up to _____ percent of each employee’s performance. a. 20-25 b. 40-50 c. 60-70 d. 70-80 e. 100 (d; Challenging; OB Mod Steps; p. 62) SHORT DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 125. Why is the relationship between age and job performance likely to be an issue of increasing importance during the next decade? First, there is a widespread belief that job performance declines with increasing age.Regardless of whether it’s true or not, many people believe it and act on it. Second is the reality that the workforce is aging. Workers age 55 and older are currently the fastest-growing sector of the labor force. The third reason is that U. S. legislation, for all intents and purposes, outlaws mandatory retirement. (Easy; Age; p. 49) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 126. Has research indicated the existence of gender differences in job productivity? Explain. There is little evidence indicating that an employee’s gender affects his or her job productivity.In this area of study the similarities between male and female workers seems to far outweigh the very minor differences (for example, in the area of absenteeism) that have been found in some studies. (Easy; Gender; p. 50) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 127. What is learning? Learning is defined as any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. (Easy; Learning; p. 54) 128. How can managers shape employee behavior? Managers can shape employee behavior by systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves the individual closer to the desired response.Managers can mold individuals by guiding their learning in graduated steps. Reinforcement increases as responses more closely approximate the desired behavior. Managers may use positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction to promote this gradual shaping of employee behavior. (Easy; Shaping; p. 58) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 129. Give an example of a fixed-ratio schedule for paying employees and an example of a variable-ratio schedule for payment. In a fixed-ratio schedule, rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses.For example, a worker is rewarded with a piece rate system paying $10 for every 12 widgets produced. Each dozen earns the worker another $10. A variable-ratio schedule provides variable reward relative to the behavior of the individual. For example, a car sa lesman on commission is on a variable-ratio schedule. Each potential customer does not necessarily result in a sale and thus a commission. (Easy; Intermittent Reinforcement; pp. 59-60) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} MEDIUM LENGTH DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 130. What is ability? What are the two sets of factors comprising a person’s ability level?Ability refers to an individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a given job. It is a current assessment of what one can do. An individual’s overall abilities are essentially made up of two sets of factors: intellectual and physical abilities. 1) Intellectual abilities are those needed to perform mental activities. 2) Physical abilities are important for successfully performing jobs that are more standardized which require manual labor. (Easy; Ability; p. 45-47) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 131. What is the relationship between age and the organizational issues of productivity, turnover and satisfaction?This is a somewhat comp lex set of relationships. The older you get, the less likely you are to quit your job. Older workers are less likely to resign than are younger workers because their long tenure tends to provide them with higher wage rates, longer paid vacations, and more attractive pension benefits. In general, older employees have lower rates of avoidable absence than do younger employees. However, they also have higher rates of unavoidable absence, probably due to the poorer heath associated with aging and the longer recovery that older workers need when injured.The demands of most jobs, even those with heavy manual labor requirements, are not extreme enough for any declines in physical skills due to age to have an impact on productivity; or if there is some decay due to age, it is offset by gains due to experience. The evidence is mixed when examining the relationship between age and job satisfaction, however. Most studies indicate a positive association between age and satisfaction, at least up to age 60. Other studies, however, have found a U-shaped relationship.Satisfaction tends to continually increase among professionals as they age, whereas it falls among nonprofessionals during middle age and then rises again in the later years. (Moderate; Age; p. 48) {AACSB: Multicultural and Diversity} {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 132. Identify and briefly describe the five steps of a typical OB Mod program. The typical OB Mod program follows a five-step problem-solving model: identifying critical behaviors, developing baseline data, identifying behavioral consequences, developing and implementing an intervention strategy, and evaluating performance improvement. ) The first step is to identify the critical behaviors that make a significant impact on the employee’s job performance. 2) The second step requires the manager to develop some baseline performance data. This is obtained by determining the number of times the identified behavior is occurring under present conditions. 3) The third step is to perform a functional analysis to identify the behavioral contingencies or consequences of performance. This tells the manager the antecedent cues that emit the behavior and the consequences that are currently maintaining it. ) In the fourth step, the manager develops and implements an intervention strategy to strengthen desirable performance behaviors and weaken undesirable behaviors. 5) The final step is to evaluate performance improvement. (Moderate; OB Mod Steps; p. 62) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} COMPREHENSIVE ESSAYS 133. How do we learn? Identify and discuss the theories to explain the process by which we acquire patterns of behavior. Be sure to specifically identify the key elements of each of these theories by name. Classical conditioning was discovered by Pavlov.Learning a conditioned response involves building up an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus in order to invoke the performance of a conditioned response, which was formerly an unconditioned response. When the stimuli, one compelling and the other one neutral, are paired, the neutral one becomes a conditioned stimulus and, hence, takes on the properties of the unconditioned stimulus and leads to the performance of a conditioned response (which is the same response as the original unconditioned response).Skinner, who discovered operant conditioning, argues that behavior is a function of its consequences. People learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they don’t want. Operant behavior means voluntary or learned behavior in contrast to reflexive or unlearned behavior. The tendency to repeat such behavior is influenced by the reinforcement or lack of reinforcement brought about by the consequences of the behavior and can be manipulated through positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, shaping, and extinction.Social learning is the theory that we can learn through both observation and direct expe rience. Social learning theory is an extension of operant conditioning; it assumes that behavior is a function of consequences – it also acknowledges the existence of observational learning and the importance of perception to learning. People respond to how they perceive and define consequences, not to the objective consequences themselves. (Challenging; Learning Theories; pp. 54 to 57) {AACSB: Analytic Skills} 34. Discuss the four processes management should include when creating employee training programs. The likelihood that training programs will be successful can be improved with the inclusion of attentional, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement processes. People learn from a model only when they recognize and pay attention to its critical features. We tend to be most influenced by models that are attractive, repeatedly available, important to us, or similar to us in our estimation.A model’s influence will depend on how well the individual remembers th e model’s action after the model is no longer readily available. After a person has seen a new behavior by observing the model, the watching must be converted to doing. This motor reproduction process demonstrates that the individuals can perform the modeled activities. Individuals will be motivated to exhibit the modeled behavior if positive incentives or rewards are provided. (Moderate; Social Learning; pp. 57-58) {AACSB: Analytic Skills}